英文摘要 |
Kager (1997, 1999) successfully interprets vowel deletion as fewer violations of Parse-Syllable and thus removes the metrical opacity in Optimality Theory. But the configurational Markedness constraints on phonotactics and Ft-Form in Kager’s analyses fail to predict which vowel should be the target of deletion in Maga. This paper thus, following Ito and Mester (1999), proposes alignment constraints of vowels and consonants at the two edges of a foot, concluding that the ranking of Markedness constraints (mostly *Super-Complex or consonant clusters are limited to two) >> Parse-Syllable >> Alignment constraints (mostly Align-Vowel-Right-Ft) >> Faithfulness constraints can explicitly capture the three properties of vowel deletion in Maga, namely (1) vowel deletion is rhythmic, (2) odd-numbered-syllabled vowels rather than even-numbered-syllabled vowels counted from the word-initial position get deleted, and (3) non-phonemic final vowel lengthening is exclusive for disyllabic words.
Kager (1997, 1999)認為:母音之所以被刪除,主是為了減少未被整合至韻步的音節數;Kager 因此順利解決母音刪除的環境,就優選理論而言,不能直視其真的困窘。不過本篇文章會明白指出,Kager分析中的有標制約(markedness constraints)及韻步形貌制約(Ft-Form),並不足以預測在馬加方言中,究竟是奇數音節的母音或是偶數音節的母音應該要被刪除。有鑑於此,以Ito and Mester (1999)的研究為基礎,本文提出每一個母音都需與韻步的右緣對齊的新制約,並且認為:有標制約(主要的制約是:子音群不可以超過兩個)>>音節整合制約(Parse-Syllable)>>對齊制約(Alignment constraints)(主要的制約是:每一個母音都要與韻步的右緣對齊)>>信實制約(Faithfulness constraints) 可以明白地闡述馬加方言中的三個特質,亦即(1)母音刪除具有節律間歇性,(2)從字首算起,奇數音節的母音會被刪除,以及(3)只有雙音節字才會發生不具辨義性質的字尾母音延長。 |