由「聯邦優先」至「南方主權第一」：阿拉巴馬州莫比爾市的分離運動，一八五○年至一八六○年

From “Union First” to “Southern First”:Secession Movement in Mobile, Alabama, 1850-1860

美國內戰前，莫比爾市為阿拉巴馬州第一大城與全國第三大港。莫比爾市的商業都會特色強烈，其與北方關係密切的商業貿易往來、兩黨政治型態、多元的人口結構以及較低比例的奴隸數量，都使得該市與以農業為主的阿拉巴馬州產生明顯的差異。莫比爾在政治上一向走溫和路線，分析其發展歷程，莫比爾市民一方面支持聯邦體制的完整性，另一方面卻未放棄堅守南方社會制度與主權的獨立性。一八五○年代，當南、北區域衝突日益激烈，莫比爾市民既有的南方意識也隨之升高，至一八六○年林肯當選總統後達於顛峰。當莫比爾必須在與北方維持經貿往來，或是維護南方主權兩者之間做出抉擇，莫比爾市民於一八六○年十二月二十四日投票贊成阿拉巴馬州脫離聯邦。對他們而言，莫比爾的經濟榮景，唯有在南方主權獲得充分保障的情況下方能持續，而脫離聯邦，則正是符合全體民眾期待的雙贏局面。

This paper, focusing on the sociopolitical framework and geo-strategic factor, aims to explain how Li Yuan and Li Mi who were members of the Guanlong clique had made use of the forces alienated by the Sui to strike a severe blow to the establishments. The ability to capitalize on the forces not affiliated to the establishments, namely local bandits and leaders, and overcome the geo-strategic restrictions was essential to the founding of a regime. Li Yuan, during his time in governing Taiyuan and later leading his army to march towards Changan, had managed to recruit local bandits and leaders, while Li Mi, who established his power in the region of Shandong, had also done the same thing. The way adopted by these two historical figures highlights the point that despite their deep connection with the Guanlong clique, the policy of drawing on local human resources rather than relying on the military strength of the Guanlong region was what they had adopted in the process of establishing their own authority. The medieval society of China was dominated by aristocratic elites emphasizing class differentiation, but Li Yuan and Li Mi did not show class prejudice when recruiting the locals from humble origin. No doubt this practice was instrumental in drawing local supports. Li Yuan was able to have the source of military strength well secured as the areas of Guanzhong and Taiyuan had been under his firm control. Contrarily Li Mi was subject to geo-strategic restrictions over time as the majority of his subordinates were from Shandong; this geographical background might explain why Li Mi was unable to make any significant progress in acquiring strategic strongholds located west of Luoyang as his subordinates had listed the capture of this city as a top priority in their military plan. The impact of geo-strategy manifested in the cases of Li Yuan and Li Mi is thus remarkable.