唐宋佛教史傳中的禪師想像－－比較僧傳與燈錄有關禪師傳的書寫

The Conceptions of Chan Masters in the Buddhist Biographies of Tang-Song Dynasty--On the DifferentWritings between the Monks’Biographies and the Lamp Records

該文主要分析了唐宋不同類型僧傳文獻中有關禪師傳的問題，特別比較了由律師所撰「高僧傳」的傳統與禪宗內部「燈錄」有關禪師傳的不同理想和書寫，認為這些禪師傳的資料所展示的，不單是有關禪師行迹的歷史敘述，其背後還隱含了不同宗派有關聖人傳的不同理想圖式。本文共分為三部分。第一部分，從研究方法上批判地反思近代以胡適、柳田聖山等為代表的中、日禪學史研究中有關禪師傳資料處理的問題，指出了其研究方法上面的局限。第二部分，主要提出可以參考「聖徒傳」（hagiography）的分析方法，來討論不同類型禪師傳書寫的複雜性，並對中國僧傳的書寫與儒家正史傳統中的「列傳」之間的關係，進行了詳密的分析討論。第三部分，分別從禪師傳與傳法譜系，禪師與神通，禪師對經教知識的態度，以及禪師與戒相等關係，討論禪宗「燈錄」與律師「僧傳」中的禪師傳是如何地進行了不同的「想像」，以說明不同類型的禪師傳都充滿了歷史與宗教修辭的交錯，不能夠單純地以歷史文本來對待和解讀這些文獻。

This article is mainly to analyze the questions about biography of different types of Chan masters in literatures of Buddhist Monks' biographies in Tang and Song dynasty, especially compare the different ideals and writing styles of Chan master's biography between the tradition of 'the Buddhist hagiography' written by 律師(vinaya masters) and “燈錄'(Lamp Records) in Chan sect. By the analysis, the researcher indicates the literatures of these biographies do not only reveal the historical narration on the master's life ,but also the different images of ideal saints implicit in these different strands. This article is divided into three parts; the first to reflect critically on the methodology in researches of Chan's history represented by Hu Shih and Yanagida Seizan, indicating their limitation in the method. The second, the researcher suggests methods of analysis referred to hagiography, to discuss the complication of writings among different Chan master's biographies and to analyze in details the relation between writings of Buddhist Monks' biographies in China and '列傳'(Biographies) in the tradition of Confucian official history. The third, by investigating Chan master's biographies in '燈錄' and ' the Buddhist hagiography ' by 律師,including their different imagination from the viewpoint of Chan’s transmission genealogy, Chan master and thaumaturgy, Chan master's attitude toward knowledge of classical literature, and relation between Chan master and vinaya master,etc., this article explains that all of those different biographies of Chan master are fully intertwined with historical and religious rhetoric, which can't be treated and interpreted simply as historical text.