工作與家庭的雙向衝突：前因、後果及調節變項之探討

The Bi-directional Conflict of Work and Family: Antecedents, Consequences and Moderators

本研究探討引發工作－－家庭的雙向衝突之前因（工作要求、家庭要求）、後果（工作滿意、家庭滿意、幸福感），以及其中可能存在的性別差異。更重要的，本研究亦探討個體之獨立我與互依我是否會成為「工作要求」、「家庭要求」與「工作－－家庭衝突」、「家庭－－工作衝突」感受間的調節因子。本研究的樣本為有全職工作者，以結構式問卷施測收集資料，共回收220份有效問卷。研究的主要發現如下：（1）女性的家庭要求顯著多於男性，但男女在工作要求上並無顯著差異。（2）擁有較年幼子女者，知覺到較多的「工作－－家庭衝突」與「家庭－－工作衝突」。（3）工作時數與工作負荷都與「工作－－家庭衝突」有關。（4）認為工作比家庭重要的受訪者，其「工作－－家庭衝突」較高。（5）「工作－－家庭衝突」能預測工作滿意度，「家庭－－工作衝突」能預測家庭滿意度，而工作滿意與家庭滿意則能預測幸福感。（6）「獨立我」可以緩衝「工作要求」中的「工作負荷」對「工作－－家庭衝突」的影響；同時，「互依我」可以緩衝「工作要求」中的「工作比家庭重要」對「工作－－家庭衝突」的影響；但「獨立我」卻是「家庭要求」中的「有年幼子女」對「家庭－－工作衝突」的脆弱因子。

The present study systematically examined antecedents (work demands, family demands), consequences (work satisfaction, family satisfaction, happiness), and moderators (independent self, interdependent self) of work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC). Structured questionnaires were used to survey full-time employees, and 220 were returned. Main findings are as follows: (1) Women reported higher family demands than men, but there were no differences in work demands between men and women. (2) Employees with younger children reported higher WFC and FWC. (3) Work demands in terms of working hours and workload were positively related to WFC. (4) Valuing work over family was positively related to WFC. (5) WFC was negatively related to work satisfaction, while FWC was negatively related family satisfaction. Both work satisfaction and family satisfaction were positively related to happiness. (6) Independent self buffered the adverse effect of work demands (workload) on WFC, but exacerbated the adverse effect of family demands (having young children) on FWC. On the other hand, interdependent self buffered the adverse effect of work demands (valuing work over family) on WFC.