我國雙軌制不當勞動行為裁決制度之研究：日本法之比較為中心

Study of Double-track of Unfair Labor Practice Ruling: Focus on Comparative to Japan Law

以往我國法中欠缺有關雇主不當勞動行為之規範，以致工會活動難以發展。此一法律規定不足之問題，於新修正之勞動三法中增訂有關不當勞動行為相關規範後，得到相當程度之解決。我國工會法將雇主之不當勞動行為區分為涉及勞工私權爭議與非涉及私權爭議二類型，並於勞資爭議處理法之裁決程序中訂定了相對應之救濟途徑，使得我國不當勞動行為法制不論在實體規定及程序規定均呈現出雙軌制。然而，此一制度在法理與實務均出現爭議之處。法理上，不當勞動行為制度目的為救濟受到雇主不當侵害之工會團結權，使勞資關係能回復到正常、健全之狀態，個別勞工權益之救濟不過是附帶之效果。我國現行裁決制度卻是以救濟個別勞工權益（涉及私權之爭議）為基本規定，對於工會團結權侵害之裁決（非涉及私權之爭議）程序則是準用涉及私權爭議裁決程序之規定。實務上亦出現裁決決定書中未明確表示事件係為涉及私權之爭議或非涉及私權之爭議，以致難以區分，亦造成當事人不服裁決決定書提起訴訟時，出現事件究竟應由普通法院管轄或行政法院管轄之爭議。本文以為，此種制度設計所造成之爭議難以利用法律解釋方式得到根本之解決，應儘速修法將不當勞動行為制度回歸救濟工會團結權之本質，始能杜絕爭議。

By lack of specification of the employer' unfair labor practices in the past, it makes difficult for the development of Union activity. The problem had been substantially resolved after updating three new labor laws which enacted the rules of employer' unfair labor practices. Taiwan's Labor Union Act divided the rules of employer' unfair labor practices into private rights and non-private rights disputes. It also enacts the way of remedies in the Act for Settlement of Labor-Management Disputes which makes unfair labor practices showing the double-track system. However, the controversy occurs with systems in theory and practice. Legally speaking, the purpose of unfair labor practices is to give relief to Union' solidarity and keep the relation between labors and employers remaining in a good way. It is not focusing on individual labor rights. Current ruling system in our country is to remedy individual labor rights (relating to private rights dispute) and the ruling of against the Union' solidarity (not involving private rights dispute) is following the same rule as the private rights dispute. In practice, it leads to distinguish disputes difficultly due to not making it clear that the incident involving the private dispute or non-private rights dispute. It is complicated in dispute whether the event should be governed by the district court or administrative court when the client is unsatisfied with the results of verdict. Therefore, it is hard to interpret this system in law. The way to put an end to disputes is to reform the system of unfair labor practices back to give relief to Union's solidarity.