清代廢園書寫的園林反省與歷史意義

Reflections on the Gardens and the Historical Meanings of Writings on Derelict Gardens in the Qing Dynasty

清代的園林文學大體上雖承襲了傳統園林文學的內容與風貌，但是也有其特出的表現，其中最具特色的一類，當屬廢園文學。在歷經了宋明兩代的鼎盛之後，清代出現了很多廢園書寫的詩文作品。以此為研究對象，本文首先說明清代常見的廢園遊憩現象，並分析其遊憩廢園的原因。在此背景之上，探討廢園書寫中的硬體景象，從而反省園林要素與自然人文之間的對應關係。接著分析廢園書寫中的情意主題，說明其中的哲理領悟與懷古結構。對廢園遊憩現象與廢園書寫有了基本的認識之後，本文進一步剖析清代園林文學中常常表現出強烈的荒廢意識，文士們在園林興盛之際，往往會預想將來荒廢的事況，並在園記中不厭其煩地記述其荒廢的歷史；顯見清代文士潛在的無常感與荒廢意識。最後總結地探討清代廢園書寫所寓含的意義，包括園林本質意義的省思與園林發展的歷史意義。

The Garden Literature of the Qing dynasty generally follows the content, style and features of traditional garden literature, while at the same time adding unique modes of expression, among which writings on derelict gardens is the most distinguished. Following the great prosperity of the Song and Ming dynasties, a large corpus of poetry and literary works written on derelict gardens began to appear in the Qing dynasty. This paper first explains the phenomenon of leisure activities undertaken in the derelict gardens often seen in the Qing dynasty, and then analyzes the reasons why derelict gardens were visited. Based on this background, the physical outlook in derelict garden writings is discussed for a reflection on the corresponding relationships between the key elements of the garden, nature and humanity. Furthermore, the sentimental themes in these writings are analyzed, and the philosophic theories and the structure of the theme of recalling antiquity are explained. This paper further investigates and analyzes the strong derelict consciousness often expressed in the garden literature of the time. Evers when a garden was at peak, the literati often would anticipate its future dilapidation. They took great pains to record the history of the gardens and the process of dilapidation, revealing the latent feelings of impermanence and of the derelict consciousness in the literati of the Qing dynasty. Finally the paper summarizes the meanings implied by derelict garden writing, including the conscious reflections on the essential meaning of the gardens, and the historical meanings of the development of the gardens.