從「無障礙設計」到「通用設計」——美日兩國無障礙環境理念變遷與發展過程

From Barrier-Free Design to Universal Design-Comparisons the Concept Transition and Development Process of Barrier-Free Design between America and Japan

「無障礙環境」是一種人性化空間的實現，主要在確保身為人類的「移動權」，讓所有的人能共同參與社會活動。本文選定在有關無障礙設計的基本思想及建構方式兩方面，被認為有決定性的差異存在的美國和日本為探討對象。首先，整理分析兩國有關無障礙環境理念變遷與發展過程，再比較其精神理念、法制定位與實施手法、約束效力等差異。最後，歸納出我國未來在推廣「無障礙設計」與「通用設計」之課題。並提出以下建議： （1）因我國在行政體制上地方權限並不高，且國民未能如日本人民守法，建議整合美日兩國優點，由中央政府制定具有法律約束效力的設計規範，並輔以實值的鼓勵誘導政策才能真正促進「通用性生活環境」的實踐。 （2）建議政府應加強對社會大眾進行相關教育宣導，並整合政府法令制度、學術研究、教育、實務規劃設計等範疇，輔導促進產、官、學三者之間的研究開發，進而將「無障礙設計」的理念提昇到「通用設計」的層次。 （3）建議融合美國確保基本人權的理念，及日本將「無障礙環境」的規範擴大到福祉、保健層面的做法，突破傳統的無障礙環境理念架構，在推展社區營造的過程中融入「通用設計」的理念，進一步將其應用推廣在產品開發、情報資訊系統、服務業等領域。

Barrier-Free Environment is the realization of humane space, mainly to ensure human being the right of movement. This paper chose America and Japan as study objects, which were considered with definite differences in basic concept and realization method of barrier free environment. Firstly, it analyzes the transformations and development process of barrier-free environment. Then, it compares the differences in basic concept, the definition of design regulation, enforcement method, and the restriction power between two countries. Finally, it concludes some topics for our country to promote barrier free design and universal design in the future. It gets some suggestions: 1） In Taiwan the power of local government in administration system is not as high as America', and citizens do not obey law as Japan'. Government should integrate the merits of two countries into enforce design regulation with law restriction, and establish some inducement policy to fulfill the realization of universal living environment. 2） Government should do some education promotion about barrier free design, and integrate the fields of law institution, academic research, education system and design, let enterprises, government and academic collaborate, to enlarge the concept of barrier free design to universal design. 3） Learning to ensure basic human rights from America, and enlarging the sphere of barrier free environment to welfare and health level from Japan, break through traditional concept structure of barrier free environment, to integrate the concept of universal design into community development process, and apply it into the sectors of product development, information system and services.