代物清償中的合意基礎與清償效果研究

The Foundation of Accord and the Effect of Solution in datio in solutum

雖然我國沒有規定代物清償制度，但最高院近年的公報案例已經承認這種法律關係，並將之看作是要物合同，這種觀點以我國民法理論為基礎。但這種做法會引發一系列問題，混淆清償與要物行為的關係，把代物清償協議看作是一種締結要物合同的預約，甚至否認了未實際履行的清償協議的效力，有違意思自治的原則。從私法史上看，代物清償與要物合同是相互獨立的，只是隨著代物清償與買賣合同的趨同，才引入了要物合同來區分它與買賣合同及債的更新這些近似制度。現代民法理論不再類推典型合同來構造它的法律關係，而從清償合同的角度把它看作是以實現債權人對替代物的滿足為目的的諾成性合同。這種趨勢在最高院判決中初現端倪，未來的民法典應該採納。

Datio in solutum is not included in the Chinese civil law, but recently, the bulletin case of the Supreme Court has recognized this institution as a real contract, which is resulted from the prevalent doctrine. But this theory and practice cause a series of problems, including the confusion of the solution with the real contract, the confusion of the accord of datio in solutm with the preliminary contract of the real contract, and the negation of the effect of a pure accord of datio in solutum. From the perspective of private law history,the datio in solutum is separated from the real contract in Roman law, but with the convergence of datio in solutum and the sale contract, the traditional theory had to introduce the pattern of real contract to divide them. The modern doctrine does not analogize the typical contract, on the con­trary ,takes it as a consensual contract on the agreement of atisfaction. In the judgment of Supreme Court, we can find its clue and the civil code in the future should follow this way.