清代張天師的職責與財源

The Zhang Heavenly Masters in Qing Dynasty: Their Duties and Financial Resources

本文藉由二位天師－張鈺、張仁晸的例子，來討論清代張天師的職責與財源。經由本研究得知，清代張天師其職責主要有朝覲及主持為國祈安、祈雨、至名山大川祭祀、選拔各地道官、替道士授籙、傳法、杜絕邪巫、管轄地方陰陽生等。至於清代張天師的財源大致有1.皇帝的賞賜2.授法、傳籙、授職的回饋金3.售符4.替民眾做法事酬金5.給寺廟主神封神所得謝金。其中後三種做法所得酬金是清代張天師的主要財源。

This article discusses two Heavenly Masters in Qing Dynasty - Zhang Yu, Zhang Ren Zheng – and explores their duties and financial resources. Through this research, we find that the duties of Zhang Heavenly Master in Qing Dynasty mainly include the morning meeting with the emperor, praying for the country to get rain, worshipping in mountains and rivers, selecting the road officers all over the country, granting memo and preaching to priests, preach, eliminating the evil witch, and taking care of the yin and yang and people’s health in local districts, and so on. As for the financial resources of Zhang Heavenly Master in Qing Dynasty, they roughly include the rewards from the following activities: 1) emperor's reward; 2) the reward from preaching, granting method, passing memo, and ranking professors; 3) selling characters; 4) remunerating for the public practice; 5) ranking the main gods in local temples. The last three activities provide the major sources of revenue for Zhang Heavenly Master in Qing Dynasty.