朱熹詩歌的超越性體驗

Transcendental Experiences in Zhu Xi’s poetry

人性蘊含靈性層面，具有超越性的需求。朱子幼時即從父親朱松學習儒家經典，對聖賢的超越性境界頗為嚮往，後來，受劉白水、胡籍溪、劉屏山三位老師的影響，兼學儒、釋、道三家的學問與心性工夫，所以在他23-24 歲之際，有一些學禪與學道的超越性體驗。31 歲時，朱子拜李侗為師，之後盡棄異學，一意儒家聖賢之學，也有一些超越性體驗。學禪、道與聖賢之學的超越性體驗朱子曾將之寫於詩歌中。學禪的超越性體驗表現在詩中的，是清靜空寂之樂；學道的超越性體驗，除了空寂虛靜之樂，更有心遊神仙境界的神祕經驗。至於從事儒學所得，則是於詩中發露心與天理合一的超越性體驗。本文乃就朱子詩作中18 首蘊含禪道之樂與10 首蘊含儒家心與天理合一之樂的詩歌予以析論，以顯示朱子的超越性體驗。

In human nature, there is spirituality, therefore human have a need to surpass themselves. The need is shown in religious belief or according to Confucianism, in practice of Xin 心 and Xing 性. Zhu Xi 朱熹 learned Confucianism classics from his father Zhu Song 朱松 when he was a child. When he was 14 years old, he studied self-cultivation philosophy of Cheng Yi 程頤and Cheng Hao 程顥 very hard. After his father died, Zhu Xi learned from Liu Baishui 劉白水, Hu Jixi 胡籍溪 and Liu Pingshan 劉屏山. The 3 scholars and Zhu Song were all interested in Book of Changes, Buddhism and Daoism. Affected by them, Zhu Xi also studied Buddhism and Daoism for more than 10 years. Then Zhu Xi followed Li Dong 李侗 to learn Xinti 心體 and Qixiang 氣象 theory. After that, Zhu Xi studied old theory of Zhonghe 中和, especially the aspects of Xin 心 and Xing 性 until he created a new theory of Zhonghe in his 40 years of age. His new theory classified Xin, Xing and Qing 情 as 3 separate parts. Zhu Xi studied Buddhism and Daoism from his young age, besides, he never ignored Confucianism and its Xin and Xing theory in the whole life, and therefore he could always surpass his previous thoughts. He wrote these transcendental experiences in his poems. This article is going to analyze this group of poems. The article will be divided into 2 aspects: 1. Zhu Xi’s delight in studying Zen and Daoism; 2. His delight in connecting Xin to Tianli 天理 theory.