智能不足者與其他身心障礙者的比較研究

Comparsions of Persons with Mental Retardation and the Other Handicapped People

智能不足者在認知功能上的缺陷，干擾其學習、記憶、溝通和思考能力。如從缺陷觀點看，精神異常、自閉症和學習障礙者也同樣有上述某些相似的特徵。因此，很容易造成一般大眾的誤解。本文主要目的就在討論與比較這些身心障礙者在認知功能、情緒與社會發展上的異同。茲將其主要不同點比較說明如下：1.智能不足者雖可能有情緒不穩的問題，但其主要的困難是在於一般認知的缺陷，而精神異常者主要在情緒方面的問題；2.自閉症患者的主要困難在社會互動技能的缺陷，而智能不足者主要是行為不成熟，但仍有溝通表達的意願；3.學習障礙者的主要困難在特殊的認知缺陷，尤其是後設認知方面，而智能不足者卻屬一般認知缺陷。智能不足者不論在語言、說話、情緒、認知或行為上都具有某種程度上的遲滯或異常狀態。不過，從障礙質的觀點來看，有些其他身心障礙者在這些方面也同樣有某些相似的特徵，因此，諸如智能不足與精神異常，智能不足與自閉症(autism)或智能不足與學習障礙(learning disabilites)等問題，常被一般民眾所誤解，甚至常混為一談。事實上，它們之間仍有許多不同之處，茲從文獻探討分別比較說明如下。

Mentally retarded persons have deficits in their cognitive abilities. They interfer with the Individual's ability to learn, remember, think, relate and communicate. Meanwhile, from the deficits view, the other handicapped, such as persons with mental illness, austism and learning disabilities also have some problems like the mentally retarded people. It is quite often to believe that certain behaviors and characteristics are also presented in the above handicapped people by the public. Therefore,this article was devoted to a discussion and a comparison some conceptions of each group including definition, etiology, behaviors and characteristics in cognitive function, emotional and social development. Some significant differences between them are especially examined as follows: 1.Persons with mental retardation involve difficulties that are more cognitive in nature, whereas the problems involve in mental illness people are emotional. 2.Persons with autism involve difficulties that are more social interaction skills in nature, whereas the problems involve in mentally retarded people are immuture. 3. Persons with learning disabilities involve difficulties that are more specific cognitive function, especially in metacognition ,whereas the problems involve in mentally retarded people are globe.