〈張三丰太極拳七十二路圖勢〉的歷史定位推斷

Historical Positioning of 'Illustrations of Chang San-Feng Taichi 72 Postures'

目的：〈張三丰太極拳七十二路圖勢〉的拳勢名稱和105張手繪圖照，最早見於民國蕭天石主編的《道藏精華‧第二集》，這105張手繪圖照並以「張三丰太極拳圖」的名稱，收錄於李遠國編著的《中國道教氣功養生大全》乙書中，這105張手繪圖照的出現，曾引起太極拳界的驚訝謰謰，因為這些圖照和楊式太極拳拳架圖勢非常接近，這些圖照出版的年代如果比楊式太極拳還要早，那麼太極拳的歷史很有可能將要改寫，本文針對這個疑難深入討論，以尋求合理的推斷。方法：本研究採用比較考證方法，透過數字圖解、圖照複製、拳勢名稱比對等三個途徑，開展解謎之旅。結果：根據推論所得的證據，發現蕭天石先生蒐集到的《張三丰太極煉丹秘訣‧太極拳七十二路圖勢》，證實和楊式太極拳的功架圖勢相似，因為〈太極拳七十二路圖勢〉中有「打虎」和「雙風貫耳」的式子，而這二式子又是經楊班侯之手，始加入楊式太極拳的套路中，並且發現它和陳微民所傳的拳譜幾乎完全相同。結論：本研究斷定〈太極拳七十二路圖勢〉是楊式傳承支脈的作品，它的出版年代不會早於楊家第二代，其風格和內容都符合清末民初楊式傳承的作品。

Purpose: 'Illustrations of Chang San-feng Taichi 72 Postures' was first collected in Dao-Tsang Extraction edited by Shiao Tien-shih in the forties. These 105 illustrations were later renamed as 'Chang San-feng Taichi Illustrations' in The Anthology of Chinese Daoist Chi and Regimen edited by Li Yuan-kuo. The discovery of these 105 pictures drawn by hand has aroused a tremendous surprise among Taichi scholars and practitioners due to its great similarity to the Yang-style Taichi. If these illustrations were done in a period earlier than that of the Yang-style Taichi, then the whole history of Taichi should be rewritten on the base of this new evidence. This paper attempts exactly to solve this conundrum by exploring the possible historical periodization of these illustrations. Method: Through a comparative and textual analysis, the paper investigates the material from three major aspects: the usage of numerals, the duplication of pictures, and the titles of postures. Results: One of the crucial findings points to the possible lineage not from the Chang San-feng illustrations to the Yang-style Taichi but vice versa. 'Striking the Tiger' and 'Striking Ears with Fists,' two postures illustrated in the so-called Chang San-feng edition, were actually the new supplements added by Yang's son to the Yang-style Taichi, which was chiefly developed in late Ching dynasty and early Republican. We can also find the identical movement sequence between Chang San-feng edition and Cheng Wei-min edition, a subdivision of the fourth generation of the Yang-style Taichi. Conclusion: 'Illustrations of Chang San-feng Taichi 72 Postures' should be identified as one of the subdivisions of the Yang-style Taichi and the tracing of its historical positioning would point back to a period no earlier than the second generation of the Yang Family.