伊波拉病毒感染之感染控制

Infection Control of Ebola Virus Disease

伊波拉病毒的感染途徑主要經由黏膜或破損皮膚直接接觸到被感染者的血液、體液、糞便、分泌物、器官或間接接觸被感染者體液污染的環境而感染。因此，伊波拉病毒的感染管制主要在於接觸隔離防護。醫護人員被感染之情況頗為常見，主要是因為病人疾病發作期時具有高傳染力（高病毒量），以及醫護人員照顧病患時未遵守適當的防護措施（如洗手、配戴標準防護裝備等）。伊波拉病毒之感染有賴於適當處置病人及其密切接觸者，包括適當的隔離、遵從標準防護措施、落實手部衛生、使用安全針具及正確配戴個人防護裝備避免體液暴觸、以及適當的環境消毒清潔等，由於其高傳染力及高致死率，故全世界相關衛生機構均提高其防護等級，以保障病人與醫療照護工作人員的安全。面對伊波拉病毒感染的威脅，醫療院所第一線醫護人員除對病患提高警覺、確實病史詢問、落實感染管制措施外，另須加強進行個人防護裝備實際穿脫訓練，以避免可能發生的群聚感染。

Ebola virus spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people. Healthcare workers have frequently been infected while caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus disease. This has occurred through close contact with patients with high viral burden and when infection control precautions are not strictly adhered. Effective infection control relies on applying a package of interventions, including surveillance, contact tracing, proper isolation of patients and contact persons, obeying standard precaution, hand hygiene, safe injection practices properly use of personal protective equipment to avoid splashes or other contact with infected materials, and proper decontamination of environment. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola virus infection and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human-to-human transmission.