清代宜蘭猴猴人遷徙與社會文化的考察

Investigation on Migration and Social Culture of Qau-qau Tribe in Qing I-lan

猴猴人是清代宜蘭頗特別的一群人，一般認為其族屬不明，語言文化與噶瑪蘭人及泰雅人有別，應是較晚移入宜蘭平原的原住民群體。本文利用清代文獻、各族群口碑傳說及清末到訪南方澳猴猴人聚落的數位外國人士的記載及蒐集的語彙，討論猴猴人的遷徙及其社會文化。本文指出猴猴人於1730－1740年代因受太魯閣人壓迫，從立霧溪口向北遷入和平溪，繼受南澳泰雅人壓迫而北遷，遷入宜蘭平原武荖坑溪口的時間當不晚於1797年，嗣於1830－1850年間遷徙南方澳，直到1921年因南方澳建設漁港而四散。猴猴人至清末仍行馘首、埋葬死者於洞穴、夏日習於赤裸，其他文化現象與噶瑪蘭人差異不大，其營生方式可能傳統即習於航海、捕魚並兼營狩獵。至1850－1860年代，猴猴人的語言已嚴重噶瑪蘭化，並自稱噶瑪蘭人，噶瑪蘭人亦未以異族視之。就其遷徙、社會文化特質及語言變遷來看，猴猴人可能是在臺灣東部原住民族群由南向北大遷徙的過程中，在途中停留較久，最後遷入宜蘭的一群人，他們的傳統文化可能原本即與噶瑪蘭人差異不大，遂在遷入宜蘭平原地帶後迅速噶瑪蘭化。

The Qauqau tribe was a unique ethnic group in Qing I-lan, which was generally regarded as a mystical tribe with its language and culture different from those of the Kavalan or Atayal. They migrated into I-lan plain later than other aborigine groups. Using Qing documents, legends of aborigine groups and accounts of some foreigners visiting the Qauqau tribe of Nan-fang-o during late Qing, this study explored the migration history and social culture of this tribe. It was found that the Qauqau tribe was forced to migrate from Tukidis to Nan-o by the Truku around 1730-1740. Again they were driven out of Nan-o by the Atayal, and finally reached the mouth of Wu-lau-ken River in I-lan around 1797. During 1830-1850, they moved to Nan-fang-o, but were eventually compelled to abandon their home in 1921 due to the construction of the fishing harbor. Even till late Qing, the Qauqau were still head-hunters, buried their dead in caves, and preferred to stay naked during summer, while their other culture phenomena were similar to those of the Kavalan. They used to be seafarers and made their living by both fishing and hunting. In the 1850s and 1860s, the Qauqau language became almost identical to the Kavalan language. The Qauqau even called themselves the Kavalan, and the Kavalan seemed to consider the Qauqau as fellow tribesmen. During the mass northward migration of the aborigine groups in east Taiwan, the Qauqau tribe was the last to move into I-lan. However, their culture was similar to that of the Kavalan tribe, resulting in rapid cultural assimilation of the Qauqau as the Kavalan.