從Lamcam到南崁：荷治到清初南崁地區村社歷史連續性之重建

Reconstruction of Early History of Lamcam District from Dutch Colonial Period to Early Ch'ing (Qing) Administration

桃園地區從沿海到內山間的平地地區，在十七世紀中開始有文獻紀錄後，在此活動和往來的族群斷斷續續留下關於此地的歷史文獻。但因為相關地名有許多不同的表記，位置不甚明確，而且在荷治時代末期到清領時代初期留下一長段文獻極度稀少的空白，以致我們對此地的早期歷史不甚明瞭。本文企圖用語言學方法分析荷蘭檔案及漢人地契資料中的蛛絲馬跡，整理出重建荷蘭人與漢人對桃園平地地區的命名與認知，再進一步重建此處的原住民村社從荷治到清初的連續性，以銜接前人對此地平埔族群的研究。本研究發現桃園沿海地區在十七世紀荷蘭檔案中同時有「Parricoutsie」和「Lamcam」（各有多種拼寫）兩個地名。這兩個地名指涉的區域雖有重疊，但意涵卻不同。「Parricoutsie」指的是單一的原住民聚落，語源為原住民語；「Lamcam」則是一個較大區域的名稱，也是用來命名發贌的對象，語源則是閩南語。這兩個地名在荷蘭時代從未混用，到了清代才由「南崁」勝出，成為桃園平地區域的總稱。接著本研究進一步從地名的音韻、構詞、文字表記等語言學證據，運用多元史料銜接荷蘭文獻和清代文獻的村社名稱，為南崁地區的原住民村社，即荷蘭文獻中的Parricoutsie、Mattatas、Sinaney、Sousouly、Terrisan，以及在文獻中面目模糊的Coullonder（龜崙人）建立從十七世紀中到到十八世紀初的連續性，以作為未來進一步研究南崁地區早期歷史的基礎工作。

The plain area of today's Taoyuan County, also known as the Lamcam district in early records, stretches from the coastline to the inland mountains. This area has been documented by different ethnic groups since the mid-seventeenth century. However, problems such as discrepancies in spelling and written representation, ambiguity in locations, and missing information after the Dutch retreat made it difficult for historians to reconstruct the early picture of the Lamcam district. This toponymic study examines the place names of the Lamcam district to shed light on how the Dutch and the Chinese perceived and named this area in the mid-seventeenth century. The Dutch used two distinct names, Parricoutsie and Lamcam, to denote this district though the two had different meanings and origins. 'Parricoutsie' is an aboriginal word denoting a settlement of indigenous people. 'Lamcam', however, is a two-word name of Southern Min origin signifying a greater area, and it was also employed to denote an entity for lease (pachten). Such distinction was maintained throughout the Dutch colonial era till the Ch'ing (Qing) administration adopted 'Lamcam' as the official name of this district after 1683. Furthermore, the phonology, morphology, and written representations of place names in the Lamcam district were also analyzed to locate the aboriginal villages named Parricoutsie, Mattatas, Sinaney, Sousouly, and Terrisan in Dutch documents, and identify their names in Chinese as documented in Ch'ing records. Such cross-referencing of place names would also reveal the activities of the little-known Coullonder tribe in this region in the late seventeenth century. All these would contribute to lay the foundation for further reconstruction of early history of the Lamcam district.