嘉南平原沿山地區之族群關係（1700－1900）：以「阿里山番租」為例

Relationships between Ethnic Groups in the Hillside Areas of Jia Nan Plain(1700-1900): Study of 'Alishan Fan Zu'

族群研究一向為學界各學科所重視，然而清代臺灣沿山地區的生番地，因漢人或熟番移入而引起的複雜關係，相關成果仍有限。十八世紀六○年代，清廷確立的土牛新界為清代臺灣自南往北陸續劃定的人文界線，理論上也是清廷版圖的邊界，熟番、漢人卻不斷向界外（土牛界以東）地帶進行移墾與進駐活動。本文針對嘉南平原東側沿山地區，在清代位處國家力量甚少觸及的邊陲地帶，新移民如何在幾乎自治的狀況下，與原住族群阿里山番進行協調，進而建立其新生活空間，進行分析。清代所謂「阿里山番」指阿里山頂四社與下四社（四社生番除外）而言。目前活動於嘉義縣阿里山鄉一帶的各部落，以新美村為界，以北一般稱為北鄒；以南為南鄒。但清代嘉南平原東緣，從今南投縣竹山鎮，經雲林縣古坑鄉，一路南下至臺南縣白河鎮、楠西鄉等沿山地帶，均為「阿里山番租」收取的範圍，說明過去其為阿里山番生活領域的事實。而在族群關係上扮演舉足輕重角色的阿里山番租（應視為「撫番租」，即安撫番租），雖然光緒年間福建臺灣巡撫劉銘傳清賦時，無視於其性質不同於因土地租贌而形成的大小租關係，強制施行「減四留六」之法，民間行之已久的「番食租」（安撫生番的租谷），日治時期仍舊維持，其中款待阿里山社人的配套措施且延續到戰後。本文主要利用臺灣總督府檔案，輔以方志、遊記、古文書及相關調查資料，以「阿里山番租」為例，針對清代漢人移住界外的活動暨其與原住族群如何由接觸、連結，進而產生互動等議題，進行討論，一方面考察界外複雜的族群關係；一方面釐清阿里山番租在沿山地區族群關係上扮演的角色，並檢討其性質。生番、熟番、漢人三者間在沿山邊區社會錯綜而複雜的關係，與清廷的邊疆治理有關，如土牛界的劃定、界外被視為化外之地，因而邊區居民需以屯與隘防守自衛。本研究區較少存在屯、隘組織（相較於北臺），番漢族群關係的「穩定」維持，有賴於非武力的形式──阿里山番租的運用。本文針對阿里山番租的產生、運作方式與配套措施進行分析，有助於瞭解沿山地區不同族群的互動狀況，與清代阿里山番生活領域變動情形，並可作為沿山地方社會發展研究的基礎。

Ethnic research has been a topic of much interest in the academia. However, ethnic studies on the uncivilized aboriginal (shengfan) territories outside Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli have been relatively scarce. Ethnic relationships in these regions had become complicated with the migration of the Hans or civilized aborigines (shufan). In the 1860s, the Qing government began putting up Tu-niu boundary epitaphs (tu niu xin jie) all over Taiwan, clearly demarcating territories under Qing rule. Nevertheless, neither the aborigines nor the Han immigrants respect such delineation, and continued to migrate and reclaim, occupy and station in the Qing territories. This paper analyzes the interaction between ethnic groups in the hillside areas of Jia Nan Plain, a frontier region remote in geographical location and distant from government rule. The paper also examines how the almost self-autonomous immigrants negotiated with the local Alishan aborigines (Alishan fan) to establish their new living space. During Qing rule, Alishan aborigines included both the upper tribes (ding si she) and the lower tribes (xia si she). In today's Alishan township, Jiayi County, the tribes to the north of Xin Mei Village are called North Zou; while those to the south are called South Zou. However, in Qing era, Alishan fun tsu (i.e., pacification rent paid to Alishan aborigines) was collected from regions along the eastern border of Jia Nan Plain, stretching from Zhushan Township of Nantou County through Gukeng Township of Yunlin County, all the way to Baihe Township and Nanxi Township of Tainan County. The huge area covered indicated the vast living space and territories of Alishan aborigines. Alishan fun zu played an important role in ethnic relationship. By reviewing the Sotokufu database, gazetteers, travelogues, ancient literature and related survey data, this study explores how the Hans immigrants came in contact, interacted and established relationships with the local ethnic groups. It was found that the interaction between these ethnic groups was complex and complicated. Nevertheless, the Han-aboriginal relationship was stable and peaceful thanks to the system of Alishan fun zu. Hence, there was no need for military communities to be established for self-defense. Findings of this study not only shed light on the interaction between ethnic groups, but also on the changes in living space of Alishan aborigines under Qing rule, which can serve as the basis for research on social development in the hillside areas of Jia Nan Plain.