釋析十七世紀荷蘭據臺時期的環境探索與自然資源利用

Environmental Exploration and Exploitation of Natural Resources in 17th-Century Taiwan under Dutch Colonization

十七世紀荷蘭殖民臺灣，在東印度公司領導下，其據臺的目的是為了在全球的商業網絡中建立東亞貿易的中繼站，以求與中、日兩國貿易。本文將荷蘭在臺時期，劃分為在澎湖（1622－1624）的前奏曲和進佔福爾摩沙（1624－1662）等兩個階段，利用《熱蘭遮城日誌》與《巴達維亞城日記》為研究的基本資料，以鹿、黃金與糖業為例，分析荷蘭東印度公司據臺時期的環境探索、管理與資源利用政策。本文研究顯示，荷蘭人所有作為無法擺脫重商主義的目標驅使。荷蘭人在臺殖民過程中，一方面非常仰賴大明中國人在農業與商業發展上的協助，顯示漢人是荷人在臺殖民的重要輔助角色，另一方面卻又批判中國人的環境資源利用觀，此舉並非意味荷人重視環境保育，因為商貿利益是其殖民政策的深層結構。由於荷據時期大員是全球商貿體系中的要港之一，加上船隻與商業進行的頻繁程度，使福爾摩沙成為一個東亞地區物種交流的場域。要之，荷蘭人雖然促進了臺灣地區與外界的貿易、生態交流與糖業發展，但荷蘭與中國人對梅花鹿的獵捕政策和行為，最終是造成該物種走上大量減少的最重要因素之一，故藉由中國人之助，荷蘭人在殖民臺灣時期，是臺灣生態物種與自然資源的實質剝削者。

By examining two major archives, De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia and The Diaries of Batavia, this paper examines the deer hunting policies, discovery of gold ores, and development of sugar industry in 17th-century Taiwan to shed light on the environmental exploration and exploitation of natural resources by the Dutch East India Company. Under Dutch colonization, Taiwan served as a transit hub of the Dutch's commercial network in East Asia, particularly in their trade with China and Japan. The analysis shows that on the one hand, the Dutch depended overwhelmingly on the Chinese immigrants from Mainland China to achieve both commercial and agricultural development; while on the other hand, they blamed them for exploiting the environment and natural resources. Nevertheless, the intention of Dutch colonizers was not to conserve the environment of Taiwan, but to protect commercial interests of the underlying structure of their colonization. In Dutch Formosa, Teyowan (near today's Anping area in Tainan City) was one of the major ports in the global business networks. Numerous ships commuted between Teyowan and other ports. Prosperous trade activities made 17th-century Taiwan a thriving island of business and species exchange in East Asia. In sum, although the Dutch had helped develop the sugar industry in Taiwan, and contributed to opening it to global trade and species exchange, their deer hunting policies had driven Formosan sika deer to near extinction. Hence, the Dutch colonizers, with the assistance of Chinese immigrants, were the actual exploiters of the natural resources and species in 17th-century Formosa.