日本帝國在殖民地的憲兵警察制度：從朝鮮、關東州到滿洲國的統治樣式遷移

The 'Gendarme-oriented' Police System in the Japanese Colonial Empire:The Transfer of Models of Rule U sed in Colonial Korea to Kwantung Province and Manchukuo

在近年來的日本殖民地研究範疇裡，「帝國史」的研究手法－橫向觀察複數的殖民地、佔領地，以及日本內地，並掌握其結構上關聯性的研究取向－逐漸受到研究者的矚目。1910年創設於朝鮮的「憲兵警察制度」，後來延續而為關東州「憲兵警察制度」（1917－1919年），並在滿洲國由「在滿大使館警務部」統合至在滿日本警察制度」（1934－1937年），本文以其作為探討對象，嘗試提出上述帝國史研究的可能性與限制。進而言之，以往的帝國史研究主要以思想史為研究範疇，傾向於僅只描述作為歷史主軸的「內地」與各殖民地之間的相互關係。相較之下，本文根據「統治樣式的遷移」概念，描述「憲兵警察制度」在帝國版圖各地遷移的具體過程，同時說明各個殖民地的特殊狀況，導致制度在本質上的質變，力圖針對以往的帝國史歷史敘述提不同視角的啟發。

This essay is intended as a critical review of Japanses'imperial history,'using that term to include consideration of both directly ruled colonies and occupied territories, as it has come to be understood in recent years. For this purpose, special attention is paid to the 'gendarme-oriented'police system(kenpei keisatsu seido)that was first created in 1910 in Colonial Korea and then introduced to Kwantung Province in Northeastern China in 1917-19 and to Manchukuo in 1934-37. Previous research in 'imperial history'has deait primarily with the history of thought, and has tended to focus on the relations between the Japanese mainland and the colonies, taking the mainland as the central axix. This paper, however, based on the theory of 'transfer of models of rule,'attempts to examine the political and insti-tutional aspects of imperial history by considering the way the 'gendarme-oriented'police system was transplanted from Korea to other colonies. This essay thus tries to present a different viewpoint from earlier studies. It reveals that although the military police system was introduced in other colonies, substantial changes occurred as the Colonial Korean model was adapted to the situation of each colony.