張居正理學思想初探：兼論與其禁毀書院的關係

A Study of Zhang Ju-zheng's Academic Thought of Li Xue and its Effect on Zhang's Policy on Prohibition of Academies

學界長期以來對張居正的興趣多集中在其政治表現，於其學術思想（特別是理學思想）的探究相對較少，這與張氏缺乏系統的學術專著有關。然張氏實係學者出身，對理學亦曾有接觸與闡發；並且其於萬曆七年下令禁毀天下書院是明代學術史上的一件大事，陽明心學因此受到嚴重的打擊。書院講學的種種亂象誠為見禁之由，但由於其直接衝擊者乃陽明學派，因此許多學者敏銳查覺到禁令背後或蘊涵學術之爭。近來學界在考察張居正發佈禁令之因時，似有試圖深化、提升為朱學、王學間學派傾軋的傾向，但這些結論實缺乏對張氏思想的嚴謹考察，僅從事件表象逕予推斷。本文自張居正相關著作入手，分析、整理其理學思想，除嘗試呈現其重要理學觀點外，亦揭示其朱、王兼採，卻對王學有更多同情與認可的理學立場，由此論證其禁毀書院之舉不應上升至學派之爭。

Zhang Ju-zheng, the Prime Minister of the Ming dynasty in 1573-1582, is one of the most important personages during the late Ming. Zhang came from the stratum of literati which was in the atmosphere of neo-Confucianism. However, he did not devote himself to writing out the systematic academic theses, and he was always regarded as a politician due to his splendid political reformation. Hence there are seldom researches on his academic thought. In 1579, Zhang ordered all academies be prohibited. The prohibition was a direct and great set-back to the development of 'Wang Xue'. What was Zhang's attitude towards and evaluation of 'Wang Xue'? Was there any conflict between him and scholars of 'Wang Xue'? Was the prohibition merely a political event? Or did he intend to persecute them because he was a Cheng-Zhu scholar? All these questions could not be resolved if we did not comprehend Zhang's intact thought of Li Xue punctiliously. This thesis unraveled Zhang's academic thought which is much more similar to Wang Yangming's style. It indicated the combat between Cheng-Zhu and Lu-Wang schools should not be blended into the prohibition.