《海外孤本晚明戲劇選集三種》之滾唱與曲牌關係析論

Study on Relationship between Gun Chang and Qu Pai in Three Unique Collections of Late Ming Drama Preserved Abroad

《海外孤本晚明戲劇選集三種》為俄羅斯漢學家李福清在歐洲發現的明萬曆單齣曲本《樂府玉樹英》、《樂府萬象新》和《大明天下春》。滾唱是穿插鑲嵌進曲牌的詩讚體歌唱。《海外孤本晚明戲劇選集三種》標滾唱的齣目集中在《五桂記》和《琵琶記》二劇，有〈聽卜觀榜〉、〈狀元加官進祿〉、〈牛氏誥問幽情〉、〈牛氏拒父問答〉四齣，【剔銀燈幔】、【古輪臺】、【紅衲襖】、【江頭金桂】、【太平歌】、【稱人心】等六種曲牌。《新增琵琶記》的〈書舘托夢〉雖然沒有標滾唱的曲牌，但它是在《琵琶記》原著縫隙中增出的民間滾調創新劇目，可以觀察滾調作者運用曲牌、曲套發展滾唱的方法。本文以版本互勘、曲譜比對及南北曲格律理論分析方法，探討《五桂記》和《琵琶記》滾調選齣的滾唱與曲牌的關係，歸納滾唱運用的規律。

Based on a qualitative research approach, data were collected from observation, interview, video-recording, reflection journals, and children's works. Main findings are as follows: (1) Young children's plays in outdoor playgrounds can be initiated by attraction of integrated play facilities, constant playmates, leadership of leader-type figures, imitation of others' play behaviors, teacher's participation, attraction ofplayful objects, and special events. (2) Young chi1dren's play behaviors in outdoor playgrounds can be c1assified into the following categories, inc1uding solitary-functional, solitary-dramatic, parallel-functional, paralle1-constructive, cooperative-functional, cooperative-constructive, cooperative-dramatic, and cooperative-games with rules. (3) Young children's play behaviors in outdoor playgrounds are affected by environmental factors (inc1uding play facilities, play materials, peers, teachers, and TV media) and individual factors (inc1uding gender and age).