再論刑事不法與行政不法之區別──以德國聯邦憲法法院裁判見解及立法形成自由為中心（上）

A Reconsideration of Differentiations between the Criminal Illegality and the Administrative Illegality: Focusing on Judgments of Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and Freedom of Legislation (1)

刑事不法與行政不法應如何區別，向來為學理及實務上爭論不休之課題。為能釐清其爭議之緣由，本文首先說明理論之發展與演變。再者，由於學理上在探討相關問題時均會提及德國聯邦憲法法院之見解，但較少就其個案事實與論證過程。因此，本文將詳細說明與探討德國聯邦憲法法院相關涉及刑事不法與行政不法之裁判事實與論證過程。由於目前實務及學理上多肯定立法者對於刑事不法或行政不法之立法享有形成自由，但立法者所享有之形成自由的界限為何，則是本文最後將詳細探討之重點。本文亦將嘗試由憲法上基本權利與比例原則之觀點，探討立法者於刑事與行政不法之立法中所應遵循與注意之界限。

How to distinguish criminal illegalities fromadministrative illegalities is a controversial issue in theacademic and in the field. To clarify reasons why this issue is disputed, this dissertation will explain the development of the theory in the first place. Furthermore, given the fact that academic discussions pay less attention to facts of the case and the process of argumentation when presenting judgments of Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and hence this article will explain adjudicative facts that involving criminal illegalities and administrative illegalities of Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and the process of argumentation. On the other hand, lawgivers are recognized to have the freedom of legislation when legislating criminal illegalities and administrative illegalities and therefore how to define the level offreedom of legislation lawmakers can be given will be further studied. Finally, this article will stand on perspectives of fundamental rights and principles of proportionality to consider boundaries lawmakers should identify between criminal illegalities and administrative illegalities.