台灣憲法制度基礎下的半總統制論

Theory of Semi-presidential system under the basis of the constitutional law in Taiwan

在憲政體制的研究議程中，半總統制是一個日益受到關注的議題。主要的原因在於其多變的運作軌跡，以及越來越多的國家被歸類為此一類型。至2005年為止，半總統制已經是世界上相對多數民主國家所採用的憲政類型。台灣在半總統制底下不同類型的憲政運作及其政治現實為當前學術焦點。憲法賦予總統權力、內閣組成和國會互動，以及國會是否穩定而有效的多數等不同變數之間的相互影響，造成半總統制運作的爭議。半總統制下之所以造成政治局勢不穩的根源通常在於總統與國會爭奪對政府的控制權，因而形成對立衝突、政治僵局、並且無法落實責任政治。本文第一部分探討對台灣半總統制的研究動機及目前學術發現的問題並就台灣政治現況提出憲政體制的改革需求。第二部分企圖從半總統制的基本原理出發，就半總統制國家的憲政體制作學理的探索，以目前學術成果為基礎分析半總統制。第三部分以「少數政府」、「制度合理性」、「二元行政互動與民意」、「總統權力運作」、「權力平衡」、「合適性修正」六個角度的分析架構為基礎，探討目前學術研究成果下發現的利弊得失，並對未來台灣在半總統制提出建議。在台灣半總統制下，當總統所屬政黨與國會中過半的多數黨不一致時，政府採取了何種突破國會困境的治理策略？半總統制下總統與閣揆之間發生權力衝突的機會如何降到最低？半總統制下因為行政權二元化而本質上必然存在的雙頭馬車問題也如何緩解？對台灣半總統制的實際運作進行分析，並從全球視野與比較觀點探討半總統制。以半總統制下台灣案例的分析架構，特別涉及總統的權力運用。第四部分則依據上述總結，提出改善的建議作為未來修法上的參考。

In the research agenda of the constitutional system, the semi-presidential system was the subject of a growing concern. The main reason lies in changing the operation of the track, as well as more and more countries are classified to this end a type. Until 2005, the constitutional type of semi-presidentialism has been used the relative majority of the world's democracies. Semi-presidential system of Taiwan under different types of constitutional and political reality of the operation of the current academic focus. The Constitution gives the president authority, the Cabinet and Parliament interactive composition, as well as the interaction between the different variables congressional majority is stable and effective, resulting in the operation of the semi-presidential debate. Under the root of semi-presidentialism reason destabilizing the political situation in that the President and the Congress generally compete for control of the government, resulting in a confrontation conflict, political impasse, political responsibility and can not be implemented. The first part of this article to explore and study the need for reform of semi-presidentialism motivation Taiwan issue and currently found on the status of academic and political Taiwan proposed constitutional system. The second part of the attempt from the basic principle of semi-presidentialism departure, the country's semi-presidential constitutional body making a theoretical exploration, based on the results of the current academic analysis of semi-presidentialism. The third part ＂minority government＂, ＂system rationality＂, ＂dual administration interaction with public opinion＂, ＂operation of presidential powers＂, ＂balance of power＂, ＂the right of correction＂ analytical framework on the basis of six perspectives Discussion has now been found under the academic research of the pros and cons, and make recommendations in the semi-presidential system of Taiwan in the future. Under Taiwan's semi-presidential system, when the president's party and more than half of the majority party in Congress is inconsistent, the government has taken what Congress breakthrough plight governance strategy? Semi-presidentialism chance of conflict between the powers of the President and that the premier at how to minimize? Under semi-presidentialism because administrative power duality and double carriage must exist on the nature of the problem is also how to ease? Taiwan for the actual operation of the analysis of semi-presidentialism and semi-presidentialism explore from a global perspective and compare views. In half of the cases of Taiwan presidential analytical framework, the use of special powers involving the president. The fourth part is based on the above summary, recommendations to improve the future as a reference on amending the law.