駐地生育：菲律賓女性移工在台灣的懷孕與產後歷程

Reproduction in the Destination Country: The Pregnancy and Childcare Challenges of Filipino Female Migrant Workers in Taiwan

女性移工在香港、新加坡等遷移目的國之生育經驗，近年在學界已陸續獲得研究者之關注。然而，目前卻少有對於女性移工在台灣懷孕與產後經驗之深入調查。本研究企圖彌補此研究缺口，一方面透過政策法令、新聞報導的論述分析，考察台灣政府對於懷孕移工的規範機制如何演變；另外一方面，為瞭解懷孕移工在制度之下的實際處境與生／育歷程，我藉由在北部一處安置機構歷時14個月的田野工作，協助3位受安置之移工媽媽，並對8位菲律賓籍女性移工的深度訪談，以及另外5名移工媽媽的問卷，以探究這群跨國至海外工作的女性外籍移工，在遷移目的國生育與產後養育子女的結構性條件是如何又為何形成。本研究發現，台灣早期的制度設計參考至新加坡，而透過在體檢辦法中納入「妊娠篩檢」完全禁止女性移工懷孕。然而，隨著性平法於2001年通過後，「妊娠篩檢」的規定逐步廢除，以及一系列移工生育及其子女的人權爭議，台灣政府亦在2015年前後透過安置制度，以「社福化」的治理模式，來處理女性移工的「懷孕問題」。在制度底下的實踐層面，本研究指出，客工體制的運作不利於移工在台經營長期的親密關係，而移工在台的生／育也受到雇主、仲介的影響甚劇。置身於高度不平等的勞資關係之中，雇主與仲介將形成資方同盟，透過管理手段進行「選項構作」而促使懷孕移工能夠返國生產。懷孕移工得透過向外部管道求援，才能夠創造「在台生／育」的選項。本研究考察台灣作為目的國在移工懷孕治理上的制度變遷與實際運作狀況，而呈現女性移工在跨國勞動遷移過程中，其社會再生產將如何受到目的國的客工體制所影響。

In recent years, the academic community has increasingly focused on the reproductive experiences of female migrant workers in destination countries such as Hong Kong and Singapore. However, there is a notable lack of in-depth research on the experiences of female migrant workers in Taiwan during pregnancy and postpartum. This study aims to fill this research gap by analyzing policy regulations and news reports to examine the evolution of Taiwanese government regulations regarding pregnant migrant workers. Additionally, to understand the actual circumstances and reproductive trajectories of pregnant migrant workers within the system, I conducted 14 months of fieldwork at a shelter in northern Taiwan, assisting 3 key informant migrant mothers, and conducted in-depth interviews with 8 Filipino female migrant workers, along with online questionnaires from 5 other migrant mothers. This study explores how and why the structural conditions for childbearing and child-rearing among these transnational female migrant workers in Taiwan are formed.
The findings reveal that Taiwan’s early policy-making was influenced by Singapore, initially implementing a ’’pregnancy screening’’ mechanism in medical examinations to completely prohibit female migrant workers from becoming pregnant. However, following the passage of the Act of Gender Equality in Employment in 2001, the pregnancy screening requirement was gradually abolished. In response to human rights controversies surrounding the childbirth of migrant workers and their children, the Taiwanese government, around 2015, implemented a welfare-oriented governance model to address the ’’pregnancy issue’’ among female migrant workers. At the practical level within the system, this study highlights that the guest worker regime impede migrant workers from maintaining long-term intimate relationships in Taiwan, and their reproductive experiences are significantly affected by employers and intermediaries. Ina context of highly unequal labor relations, employers and brokers work together to create conditions that force pregnant migrant workers to return to their home countries for childbirth. Therefore, pregnant migrant workers must seek external assistance to create the option of giving birth for themselves in Taiwan. This research examines the institutional changes and practical operations of Taiwan as a destination country in governing the reproduction of migrant workers, shedding light on how the social reproduction of female migrant workers is impacted by the guest worker regime during the process of transnational labor migration.