屯田軍戶「家族化」：明中葉福建的軍餘頂種與屯軍家族

The ‘Familization’ of Soldier-Farmers: A Study of Junyu Dingzhong and the Soldier-Farmer Families of Fujian in the Mid-Ming Dynasty

軍餘頂種是明代軍屯制度發展演變的一大關節，促成了屯軍家族的普遍形成與發展。囿於史料，既往研究未能揭示軍餘頂種的實施背景及具體過程，對其社會影響的分析也大多流於表面。新見的永泰縣《明代洑口屯田糧清冊》，記載了成化年間福建延平衛洑口屯實施軍餘頂種的若干歷史細節。研究表明，正統以降福建的軍屯體制普遍面臨屯軍缺額、屯田拋荒的困境，耕種屯田成為全體在營軍餘的共業。軍餘頂種故軍戶下屯田，衛所依據其認納的糧額重新分配屯田，終導致屯所的屯田軍役被若干屯軍家族所分攤，促成軍屯制度運作模式的轉變。在此過程中，屯田軍戶亦經歷了「家族化」的轉型。屯軍家族是明中葉軍屯制度改革歷史背景中的一種文化創造，其核心成員是在衛服役的正軍和頂種屯田的軍餘。軍餘頂種為屯軍家族的生成與發展創造了制度空間和經濟條件，深刻影響了屯軍家族歷史記憶的構建。在軍餘頂種實施過程中，衛所實際控制的屯田數額不斷變小，同時軍屯制度的涵蓋範圍卻在不斷擴大。這一複雜的歷史變化過程，集中呈現了軍屯制度演變的多元內涵，為重審明中葉軍屯制度改革提供了典型意義。

 

Junyu dingzhong 軍餘頂種 was a key step in the development of the military reclamation system during the Ming dynasty, which promoted the formation and development of soldier-farmer families. Previous studies have overlooked the historical background and practical process of junyu dingzhong. Additionally, due to a scarcity of historical materials, research regarding the social implications of junyu dingzhong has not been sufficiently thorough. The newly discovered Tax Book of the Fukou Farming Battalion 明代洑口屯田糧清冊 from Yongtai county contains numerous historical details regarding junyu dingzhong in the Fukou farming battalion of the Yanping guard in Fujian province during the Chenghua period. This study indicates that the loss of military colonies and farming armies was the major dilemmas faced by garrisons in Fujian since the Zhengtong period. The cultivation of land in military colonies became the common task of junyu in garrisons. Junyu cultivated the land of military colonies owned by former soldier-farmers and garrisons, which had been redistributed to military colonies based on the amount of tax subscribed by junyu. This often led to the settlement task being divided among several soldier-farmers families and was a significant transformation of the military reclamation system in the Ming dynasty.The family organization of soldier-farmers gradually took shape in the institutional practice of junyu dingzhong. Soldier-farmer families were a cultural invention that arose from the reform of the military land reclamation system. The core family members were soldiers serving in the army and the junyu who cultivated land in military colonies as farming battalions. Junyu dingzhong provided institutional and financial support for the formation of soldier-farmer families and influenced the construction of family historical memories. In the practical process of junyu dingzhong, military colonies controlled by weisuo were shrinking, while the scope of the military reclamation system was expanding. This complex process of historical change demonstrates the multi-component institutional situation and provides a typical case for re-examining the military reclamation system reformation in the middle of the Ming dynasty.