合夥之訴的規範基礎及其展開

The Foundation of Actio Pro Socio and its Development

合夥之訴是指合夥人為合夥利益而以自己名義起訴主張合夥債權。合夥之訴源自羅馬法，英美法只規定了有限合夥人派生訴訟，該規則是股東派生訴訟外溢的結果，而歐陸法將合夥之訴視為適用於一切人合組織的原生現象。我國合夥立法受英美法影響較大，《合夥企業法》第68條第2款第7項規定了有限合夥人派生訴訟，但法律並未明確其他類型合夥的合夥人能否代為起訴主張合夥債權。一般認為合夥分為契約型合夥和組織型合夥，契約型合夥是合夥人之間單純的債權債務關係，合夥債權是合夥人的連帶債權，合夥人可以以連帶債權人的身份起訴。組織型合夥屬非法人組織，享有權利能力、當事人能力以及獨立的合夥財產。組織型合夥的事務執行合夥人怠於起訴主張合夥債權時其他合夥人享有訴訟實施權，該權利既可以被視為其他合夥人緊急管理權在訴訟法上的映射。組織型合夥的合夥之訴也是一種派生訴訟，與股東派生訴訟分享相似的法理基礎和規則。此外，一種能夠涵蓋合夥之訴和股東派生訴訟的成員派生訴訟制度不僅合理並且是可行的。

With actio pro socio is a partner able to sue in his own name for the partnership’s interest. Actio pro socio comes from the Roman law, the common law accepted the opinion from classic Roman law and merely stipulated limited partner derivative suits. Differs form common law has civil law formed a unique opinion, that actio pro socio is a universal rule in law of partnership. Article 68 Partnership Enterprise Law of the People’s Republic of China established the limited partner derivative suits. However, it is unclear, whether if other kind partners could with this rule sue the debtor of partnership. Ordinarily divide all partnerships in two categories, form of contract and form of organization. The former is regarded purely as relationship of partners, they owned partnership’s property directly and sue for the creditor’s right in name of co-creditor. The latter is qualified as unincorporated organization, established with capacity for civil rights. When the executive partner is fails to exercise his responsibility, obtain other partners a right to bring action. This right could be regarded either as a reflection of a right to handle the emergency or as expansion of shareholder derivative suit. Actio pro socio in an organized partnership is also a derivative suit, sharing similar jurisprudential bases and rules as shareholder derivative suit.