環境正義：以羅爾斯的正義理論與泰勒的環境哲學分析桃園觀音與新屋的環境變遷

Environmental Justice: Analyze Environmental Change in Taoyuan Guanyin and Xinwu from Rawls’ Theory of Justice and Taylor’s Environmental Philosophy

人類為了發展經濟，時常以犧牲環境作為代價，桃園觀音、新屋的環境汙染就是一個代表性案例。近幾年中油第三天然氣接收站興建案被質疑會對藻礁海岸的生態與景觀造成不可逆的破壞，引發學界人士與保育團體的關注。事實上，觀音、新屋地區近幾十年來的環境傷害並非僅止於藻礁問題，該區域過去曾經是北臺灣極重要的漁場與糧倉，然而，隨著工業區的成立、電廠的設置、以及焚化爐、灰渣處理場、垃圾掩埋場等鄰避設施的興建，對於附近海岸、河川、埤塘、農地、空氣均造成極大傷害，不僅是漁獲量與農作物大幅減少，影響當地居民原本半漁半農的生活型態，也造成人口大量流失。究竟面對經濟發展與環境保育之間的衝突，以及追求經濟效益所造成的環境變遷，人類對於大自然、未來世代應負起什麼樣的責任？本研究嘗試從哲學的角度思考該議題，根據哲學家羅爾斯（John Rawls）的差異原則，正義社會應優先照顧弱勢族群，若將高汙染設施設置在弱勢族群的生活環境附近，有違社會正義。此外，根據羅爾斯的正義儲蓄原則，工業發展所造成的環境變遷與自然資源的枯竭，將影響後代居民在當地的發展機會，甚至因為生活品質惡劣，迫使人口外移，有違代際正義。而根據泰勒（Paul W. Taylor）的尊重自然理論，工業發展造成自然環境的破壞，危及藻礁生態系與其間生物的存續，破壞了人類與大自然的和諧共處，有違種際公正。這些理論在在顯示工業發展對於觀音、新屋所造成的傷害，違反了環境正義與永續發展原則。

Human beings often sacrifice the environment in order to develop the economy. It is a representative case in Guanyin Disctrict and Xinwu District of Taoyuan City. In recent years, the construction of The third LNG Receiving Terminal of CPC has been questioned that it will cause irreversible damage to the ecology and landscape of the algae coast. This has aroused the attention of academics and environmental conservation groups. In fact, the environmental damage in the Guanyin and Xinwu areas in recent decades is not limited to algal reef problems. This area used to be a very important fishing ground and granary in Northern Taiwan. However, with the establishment of industrial zones, the construction of power plants, incinerators, ash disposal sites, and landfills, it causes great damage to nearby coasts, rivers, ponds and farmland. Also, the air quality declined dramatically. This not only caused a significant reduction in the amount of fishery and crops, but also affected the original half-fishing and half-agricultural lifestyle of local residents, and also caused a massive loss of population. In the face of the conflict between economic development and environmental conservation, what responsibilities should human beings bear towards nature and future generations? This is the subject of concern for this paper. We attempt to discuss the issue from the perspective of philosophy. According to philosopher John Rawls’ difference principle, a just society should prioritize the care of disadvantaged groups. Placing high-pollution facilities near the living environments of these disadvantaged groups is contrary to social justice. In addition, according to Rawls’ principle of just savings, the environmental changes and the depletion of natural resources caused by industrial development affect the development opportunities of future generations, which violates “intergenerational justice.” According to Paul W. Taylor’s theory of respect for nature, industrial development causes damage to the natural environment, endangers the algal reef ecosystem, and destroys the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature, which violates “species impartiality.” These theories show that the harm caused by industrial development to Guanyin and Xinwu violated the principles of environmental justice and sustainable development.