論保險受益人制度之重新建構——以「三位一體」當事人理論為基礎

A Study on Reconstructing the Mechanism of Insurance Beneficiary: Based on the“Trinity”Theory of Contractual Parties

除由被保險人自行領取保險給付之情形外，現行保險受益人制度關係到最終由何人受領保險給付，極具重要性，但現行受益人制度實已存在受益人之指定權應由何人行使？受益人是否需具備保險利益？受益權能否讓與、繼承？受益人與被保險人繼承人間之利益衝突如何解決？等諸多問題。因此，本文建議在全新的「三位一體」當事人架構下，各險種分設有由「被保險人」指定之第三人於保險事故發生後，領取保險給付之補充機制。其中，在死亡保險係設置「承擔人」制度，由第三人「承擔人」於保險事故發生後，接替「被保險人」成為保險契約之一造當事人，得行使保險給付請求權。而在死亡保險以外之險種亦設置「受領人」制度，該第三人「受領人」於保險事故發生後，便擁有代替「被保險人」受領保險給付之地位。如此一來，上揭現行受益人制度面臨之問題均能獲得妥適的解方。

In addition to the situation where the insured receives the insurance benefits by oneself, the beneficiary system is very crucial as it relates to the one who will receive the insurance benefits. However, there remain a number of essential questions regarding the existing beneficiary system that are worth examining: 1) who should exercise the right to designate the beneficiary? 2) Does the beneficiary need to have an insured interest? 3) Can beneficial rights be assigned and inherited? 4) How is the conflict of interest between the beneficiary and the insured heirs resolved? Therefore, under the new“Trinity”structure of insurance contractual parties, each insurance has a standby mechanism for a third person designated by the“insured”to receive insurance benefits after the occurrence of an insurance accident. Among them, the“undertaker”system is initiated in death insurance, and a third party“undertaker”replaces the“insured”as one of the parties to the insurance contract that can exercise the right to claim insurance benefits. Along with the death insurance, the“recipient”system is established to ensure that the third party“recipient”has the status of receiving insurance benefits on behalf of the“insured”. In this way, the problem faced by the beneficiary system can be resolved.