體系內與體系外的阻卻違法事由／Joachim Renzikowski（譯文）

Intra- and Extra-Systematic Justifications

牛津道德哲學家Joseph Raz在《實踐理由與規範》一書中將行動理由區分為一階理由和二階理由，Raz並將後者稱為排它性理由──「不依某個理由行動的二階理由」。這種分析被用來劃分阻卻違法事由，如必要性、正當防衛、容許與緊急避難等。

In his book“Practical Reason and Norms”, the Oxford legal philosopher Joseph Raz distinguishes between first-order reasons and second-order reasons. He also refers to the latter as exclusionary reasons to refrain from acting for some first-order-reason. This analytical distinction is used to classify justification grounds such as necessity, self-defense, consent and collision of duties.