傳統知識與遺傳資源保護機制之比較研究

系所名稱：法學系
學位別：碩士
指導教授：李明德
本研究首先研究國際間傳統知識及遺傳資源的初期保護進程，其次研究傳統知識及遺傳資源面臨之瓶頸、國際組織保護新進政策及進程，再其次研究中國大陸及臺灣在傳統知識及遺傳資源之發展及保護機制，最後提出作者對保護傳統知識及遺傳資源的具體構想。
本文擬分六章論述，前言主要闡述傳統知識及遺傳資源之範圍，並說明兩者涵蓋之範圍雖然不同，但是兩者皆具有可以複製其無形資產創造商業價值的特性，且同屬於特定地區居民的智力傳承，在保護機制上具有共通之處可以彼此借鑒。
第一章“國際間保護傳統知識及遺傳資源之進程”。本章首先依序探討傳統知識及遺傳資源的範圍及價值，其次分別研究保護傳統知識及遺傳資源之進程；解析與兩者相關之國際公約及法律檔以瞭解兩者的國際保護策略及方向，並進一步評析國際公約對保護傳統知識及遺傳資源的影響。
第二章“保護傳統知識及遺傳資源之困難”。本章探討保護傳統知識及遺傳資源所面臨的瓶頸，在傳統知識方面因智慧財產權制度與傳統知識本質上的不同產生適用上的矛盾，在遺傳資源方面所面臨的困難包括國際社會對生物多樣性公約及TRIPs 相關條款之立場不同，因而產生南北方國家對TRIPs 條款的分歧意見。
第三章“國際間保護傳統知識及遺傳資源之新進政策及機制”。本章分別論述保護傳統知識及遺傳資源之國際新進政策、國際公約及各國特別立法，並比較傳統知識及遺傳資源在權利歸屬、權利範圍、保護期限、事前知情同意、共同商定條件、惠益分享、行政管理、資料庫建置之保護機制效益。最後將評析國際間保護傳統知識及遺傳資源之機制及特別立法。
第四章“臺灣傳統知識與遺傳資源之保護機制”。本章首先研究臺灣傳統知識之保護機制，其次研究臺灣遺傳資源之保護機制，並分別論述傳統知識與遺傳資源之現況、管理政策與重大行動現況、相關案例、地方社區居民對保護傳統知識及遺傳資源之期待及介紹出臺之法律及相關草案。最後簡要評析相關立法及草案。
第五章“中國大陸遺傳資源之保護機制”。為與第四章相呼應，本章沿用第四章框架首先研究中國大陸傳統知識之保護機制，其次研究中國大陸遺傳資源之保護機制，並分別論述兩者現況、管理政策與重大行動現況、相關案例、地方社區居民對保護傳統知識及遺傳資源之期待及介紹出臺之法律及相關草案。最後將簡要評析相關立法及草案。
第六章“傳統知識及遺傳資源立法之具體設想”。本章討論傳統知識及遺傳資源的衍生物較傳統知識及遺傳資源易於受到智慧財產權的保護。保護傳統知識及遺傳資源的策略，雖有防禦性保護及積極保護兩種，但國際經驗顯示保護傳統知識及遺傳資源並沒有單一的方法。本章嘗試探討保護傳統知識及遺傳資源的立法設想，以做為相關法制之參考。

This research firstly study the progresses of protecting Traditional Knowledge (TK) and Genetic Resources (GR) at earlier stage. Secondly, this research focuses on the barriers of developing Traditional TK and GR as well as introduce contemporary policies and recent progresses in protecting TK and GR. Thirdly, this research elaborates on development and protecting mechanism of TK and GR in Taiwan and Mainland China. Finally, This research presents a positive protection framework in TK and GR.
This research consists of introduction and six chapters. Introduction elaborates the scopes of TK and GR as well as identifies characteristics of TK and GR in duplicating intangible materials to create marketing value. Both TK and GR are heritages stemming from some particular local communities, therefore their protection mechanisms have common solutions.
Chapter 1 discusses scopes and value of TK and GR as well as the progresses of protecting of of TK and GR. This Chapter introduces the international conventions and legal instruments relating to TK and GR as well as analyzes international policies and mechanism. Compare and analyze the aforementioned mechanism and sui generis protection.
Chapter 2 highlights bottlenecks of protecting TK and GR. The difficulty in TK results from the nature differences between TK and intellectual property system; The difficutly in genetic resources caused by different interpretation from developed countries, least developed countries controversiary.
Chpater 3 discusses recent policies and mechanism of TK and GR as well as introduces related conventions. Compare protection mechanism of TK and GR in right holder(s), scope of rights, protection period, prior informed consent, mutual consented terms, benefit sharing, administration management, databank, etc. Compare and analyze the aforementioned mechanism and sui generis protection.
Chapter 4 studies protection mechanism of TK and GR in Taiwan, as well as researches their current status, management policy, events, cases and expectation of local community.
Chapter 5 studies protection mechanism of TK and GR in Mainland China, as well as researches their current status, management policy, events cases and expectationof local community members.
Chapter 6 discusses that TK and GR derivative work are easierly to be protected compared with TK and GR per se. Although defensive protection and positive protection are two major mechanism, there is no single rule or mechanism could well protect TK or GR. This research attempts to present a list of framework requirements for future research reference.