被偷走的人工流產自由：「多布斯訴傑克森女性健康組織案」之國際人權法律評析

The Stolen Freedoms of Abortion: An International Human Rights Analysis of the Dobbs Case

本文回顧從1973年的「羅訴韋德案」到2022年的「多布斯訴傑克森女性健康組織案」之發展，後者以所謂原旨主義論點否認了美國憲法已承認了近半世紀的人工流產自由及相關權利。在進步與保守勢力間的文化戰爭中，控制女人身體與生育的權力長期以來一直是與種族和性別不平等交織的問題。透過國際人權分析—尤其有鑑於不歧視、不倒退及所有人權相互關聯等原則—我們認為美國最高法院否認人工流產自由係不正當的，惟該不正當性是否構成違法性，取決於在條約及習慣國際人權法下美國所承擔的法律義務之理解與解釋。就此，我們亦觀察美國對「國際」人權制度之態度轉變與分歧，及其對國際和國內社會的影響。藉由「後羅時代」相對較短的時期內可獲得之所有證據，我們認為，美國最高法院剝奪了此項自由也負面影響了許多生活在美國境內外婦女和女童的人生，因此美國嚴重違反了國際人權法，更可能進一步推波助瀾當下襲捲全球的反性別運動及反人權運動。

This article begins by reviewing the development of Roe v. Wade in 1973 to Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization in 2022, which applied an originalist perspective to deny the freedom of abortion and the related right to entitlements that had existed and been recognised for nearly half a century in the US Constitution. In the culture war between progressive and conservative forces, the power to control women’s bodies and reproduction has long been a problem of intersectional politics intertwined with racial and gender inequalities. Through an international human rights analysis–particularly in light of the principles of nondiscrimination, non-regression, and the interrelatedness between all human rights–we consider illegitimate the US Supreme Court’s denial of abortion rights. However, whether such illegitimacy amounts to illegality depends on the understanding and interpretation of the legal obligations of the US under conventional and customary international human rights law. We thus elaborate on the changes and divisiveness regarding the US approach to the‘international’human rights regime and its impact on international and domestic planes. With all the evidence available in the relatively short period of the“post-Roe era”, we argue that the Supreme Court’s denial of abortion rights has also stolen the lives of many women and girls living in and beyond the US and, therefore, the US has seriously violated international human rights law, potentially fuelling the global anti-gender movement and anti-human rights movement.