美國法人犯罪制裁類型與法令遵循

Corporate Punishments and Corporate Compliances in the United States

本文深入探討美國法制之法人犯罪制裁類型及內涵，由於美國針對法人制定組織體量刑指導準則，明定對法人制裁分為刑事制裁及非刑事制裁部分，刑事制裁部分主要是以罰金刑為主，輔以法人緩刑作為刑罰節制措施，而為免對法人科以罰金刑過於恣意或無法正確反應法人罪責，該準則也設計了罪責分數與犯罪層級，據以計算最高罰金及最低罰金區間，使法官裁量罰金時有所準據。至於非罰金制裁部分，包括回復原狀、損害賠償、法令遵循及道德計畫之建置、實施及有效性評估及與附條件之緩刑條件結合。在組織體量刑指導準則內，對法人制裁之重點是非刑事制裁部分，藉以徹底改革法人之企業文化、組織結構及系統性失靈之狀況，終究改革法人內部組織體後，可以預見預防未來犯罪之發生，而達到犯罪預防之目的。而組織體量刑指導準則所採取之模式乃將對於法令遵循及道德計畫之有效性要求，賦予法人義務，提供減輕量刑之誘因，也就是將法令遵循及道德計畫之實踐計入罪責分數之計算，而實質提供法人減輕量刑的優惠。

This article illustrates the various types of corporate punishments and its contents, including corporate compliance, and ethics, probation, restitutions, and compensations. It can be divided into two categories: criminal penalty and no criminal penalty. Each has its function, goal and the mean to which the punishment could be achieved through both ways to transform the corporate into a better, non criminal-oriented organization and shape its good corporate culture.