學制改革的地方視角：晚清癸卯學制實施後福建中小學教育的發展

A Local Perspective of the Reform of School System: The Development of Primary and Secondary Education in Fukien Since the Enactment of Kuei-Mao School System in Late Ch’ing China

學制改革工程艱鉅，以往改革者多採「由上而下」策略，規劃時甚少考慮地方條件與可行性，以致實施時常窒礙難行。本研究從歷史角度以福建省為例，探討晚清「癸卯學制」實施後西式中小學教育的實施狀況與困難。本研究採史學方法，使用一手史料，找出規劃與實施間的落差、所生問題與影響因素。研究發現清廷採由上而下策略及官督紳辦模式，將興學重任推諉給地方政府及紳士。實施後即遭遇學務經費與師資不足困難，且出現擅自縮短修業年限、未照法規設置教職員等問題。此外，還受到福建官紳對學務態度消極、有限經費分配失當、廢科舉及預備立憲新政策陸續推出等因素影響，讓改革更複雜且困難，以致福建發展較他省差，此一未能順利推動的經驗，值得今後推動改革時警惕與借鑑。

Reforming school system is a difficulty social engineering. However, the state administers always took up-side down strategy to plan reform but ignored to consider the plan feasibility at local level, so as to hardly promote it. Using historical method with primary sources, this article, from a local perspective, explores the development of primary and secondary education in Fukien since the enactment of Kuei-Mao school system in late Ch’ing China. It found that serious shortages of new teachers and finance were two major obstacles. Furthermore, there also existed problems such as shortening the study years and employing staffs and teachers unlawful. Other factors also affected this reform, such as some local senior officials and gentry’s passive attitude to western style education. Under “Government-supervised and Gentry-managed” model, local governments and gentry burdened the major responsibility of developing this western style primary and secondary education, without financial support from the central government. Only few of them were enthusiastic and active. Besides, misallocating the limited budgets, abolishing the civic service examination and preparing for enacting constitution made the whole reform more complicated and difficulty. Consequently, Fukien developed worse than other provinces. This unsuccessful reform experience is worthwhile to learn for later educational reformers.