民粹主義對歐洲人權法院的挑戰（譯文）

The populist challenge to the European Court of Human Rights

本文從近期歐洲出現的非比尋常的民粹主義浪潮的視角分析歐洲人權法院的現狀。筆者發現如果歐洲人權法院司法審查與民粹主義意識形態發生衝突，那麽後者將會對前者形成嚴重和特殊的挑戰。民粹主義獨特性威脅的根源在于它將民粹主義的意識形態基礎、其廣泛的吸引力和動員普通民衆的能力，以及民粹主義者消除自身權力限制的傾向相結合。針對最後一個特徵，本文將介紹民粹主義對抗。人權法院的技術手段，進行分類，幷且全面分析歐洲人權法院的機構設置。筆者在結論部分認爲儘管歐洲人權法院在財政預算和法官人員的遴選等事務中未達到完美的境地，但是尚能抵制民粹主義者對其結構性特徵和司法人員的攻擊。但是，民粹主義者用包括“責駡叙事”的在內手段，采取了强有力的反人權法院的措施，即通過去合法化（delegitimization）途徑逐漸削弱歐洲人權法院的權威性與合法性。由于歐洲人權法院在過去十年中不能很好地應對合法性挑戰，所以民粹主義的策略切中了歐洲人權法院的要害。因此，面對民粹主義的挑戰，歐洲人權法院需要注意管理自身的社會正當性。

This article analyzes the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) from the perspective of the recent extraordinary wave of populism in Europe. It argues that populism poses a serious and distinctive challenge to the ECtHR since supranational judicial review is at odds with the populist ideology. What makes the populist challenge distinctive is the combination of the ideological basis of populism, its wide appeal and capacity to reach ordinary people, and populists’ tendency to remove limitations on their power. With respect to the last point, the article introduces a categorization of anti-court-techniques and takes stock of the ECtHR’s institutional setting. It concludes that although the situation is not perfect-the budget and judicial selection are especially problematic-the ECtHR is rather well insulated from eventual attacks targeting its structural features or the judicial personnel. However, including the ECtHR in the "narrative of blame", populism is very strong in another anti-court strategy-achieving gradual erosion of a court through delegitimization. That is particularly threatening for the ECtHR due to its vulnerability to legitimacy challenges manifested in the past decade. As a result, the populist challenge will likely require careful management of the ECtHR’s social legitimacy.