刑法分則中的“槍支”認定研究

The Identification of “Guns” in the Specific Provisions of Criminal Law

在我國刑法分則中“槍支”表現爲罪名內容、選擇性要素、加重情節三種存在形式。槍支在刑法分則中具有特殊地位，根本上源自于槍支本身的高度危險性特徵。“槍支”的概念應當具有內在一致性，換言之，我國刑法分則中的槍支認定應當遵從統一的認定標準。我國現行槍支認定，主要是以單一的行政標準爲根據。就現行槍支標準而言，在制式槍支劃分、非制式槍支槍口比動能標準設立方面存在不足。對于現行槍支認定標準的完善，首先，應當對制式槍支作出更精細的劃分；其次，應當以現行法的精神爲基礎對非制式槍支設立更合理的認定標準。歸根結底，無論是通過立法修改還是出臺司法解釋，設立獨立于行政標準的槍支認定刑事標準，構建刑行分流的二元槍支認定體系，是解决涉槍案件爭議問題的應有之義。

In the specific provisions of China´s Criminal Law, “guns” are manifested in three forms: independent charges, selective elements and aggravating circumstances. Guns have a special position in the specific provisions of Criminal Law, which fundamentally originates from the high risk of guns themselves, and the concept of “guns” should have internal consistency. In other words, the identification of guns in the specific provisions of China’s criminal law should follow a unified identification standard. The current identification of guns in China is mainly based on a single administrative standard. In terms of the current gun standards, there are deficiencies in the division of standard guns and the establishment of muzzle energy standards for non-standard guns. In addition, the unitary identification system of guns based on a single administrative standard also has structural defects. For the improvement of the current gun identification standards, first of all, we should make a more detailed division of standard guns; Secondly, we should establish more reasonable identification standards for non-standard guns based on the spirit of the current law. After all, whether through legislative amendment or the introduction of judicial interpretation, establishing criminal standards for gun identification independent of administrative standards and building a dual gun identification system are the due meaning of solving the controversial problems of gun related cases.