Increasing attention has been paid to the economic losses and personnel injuries caused by petrochemical gearbox faults. As a result, petrochemical enterprises started to pay huge attention on fault diagnosis technology to solve the fault diagnosis problem. Petrochemical gearboxes are characterized by many fault types, feature variables, and many-to-many relationships between the various fault parameters, which pose huge challenges in the fault diagnosis of petrochemical units. This paper proposes a petrochemical gearbox fault location and diagnosis method based on a distributed Bayesian model and neural network. The proposed approach is based on sample feature information and Bayesian network prior probability to construct a basic framework for petrochemical gearbox fault location. Neural network technology is used to to diagnose fault types. It is helpful to build a long-term fault diagnosis and monitoring system for rotating machinery of petrochemical units.