轉型正義的實然與應然──以自然法的觀點為基礎

On the Philosophical Foundations of Transformative Justice

轉型正義是所有脫離威權統治而朝向民主的必經路徑，每個經歷苦難的國家所面臨的難題有同，也有不同，因而發展出各自的應對模式。而撐持正義的理據，應建立在什麼樣的基礎上，也未有定說。二戰後的德國，一般法院選擇使用自然法；憲法法院大多援引正義；思想上則有以聖湯瑪斯的理論為中心者。我國歷史文化中欠缺歐陸自然法思想的傳統，直接比附，未必妥適。本文嘗試由我國憲法體現的法律價值為核心，作為反省批判的依準。特別藉由「理念型」的說理方式瞭解轉型的特點，並且由憲法漏洞的視角說明威權統治如何可能。希望憲法所體現的法律價值，能成為日後法律文化發展的基石，豐厚法律的傳統。

Transitional justice plays an important role in the shift from authoritarian regimes to democracy. Countries having suffered under authoritarian rule may have different problems to tackle and thus develop their own models of transitional justice. There have been different theoretical approaches to establish a basis for transitional justice. After World War II, the German courts chose to adopt the concepts of natural law, while the Constitutional Court mostly relied on the concept of justice. On the other hand, some academics approach the issue of transitional based on the theory of St. Thomas Aquinas. Differing from the European continent, Taiwan does not have the natural law tradition. Hence, it may not be appropriate to apply the concepts of the natural law directly when trying to establish a basis for transitional justice in Taiwan. This article attempts to take the legal value embodied in our country’s constitution as a basis. In particular, this article tries to shed light on the characteristics of transformation by means of the theory of “ideal type”. Also, it tries to explain the reasons why the authoritarian rule was possible from the perspective of constitutional loopholes. It is hoped that the legal values embodied in the Constitution will become the cornerstone of legal culture in the future and enrich our legal tradition.