國家責任的「第三領域」──以法國法上「公共服務無過失責任」再探國賠法第3條之適用主體及歸責模式

The“Third Domain”of State Liability: An Examination of the Article 3 of the State Compensation Law Comparing with«la responsabilitédu service public sans faute»under French Administrative Laws

本文主要以法國行政法學上，因應公共工程建設及公共建物存在所生之損害而適用「公共服務無過失責任」之情狀，探討我國修法後之國家賠償法第3條之「公共設施瑕疵無過失責任」，而以公共設施之「適用主體」及公共設施瑕疵無過失責任之「歸責模式」為主軸。本文認為，本次修法之結論原則上可資贊同，然而面對公營公用事業所管有之公共設施，則因未同時將國有財產法之相關規定納入修法考量，而導致體系上不一致之矛盾結果；於歸責模式之部分，本文認為參酌法國法之經驗，因公共設施所生之國家責任橫跨損害賠償及損失補償之二分領域，而應將之作為獨立之國家責任類型探討；然而現行繼受日本法之國賠法第3條所得處理者，僅為因公共設施所生國家責任之冰山一角，尤其是對於因公共設施所生之損失補償責任，建議可考慮自系爭條文開始創設一般化之損失補償請求權條款，以落實基本權無闕漏保障之國家保護義務。

This essay focuses on the application of « la responsabilité du service public sans faute » (liability without fault of public service) to the damages arising from the construction of public works and the existence of public entities for public utilities in French administrative jurisprudence, and reflects on the « liability for defects in public entities for public utilities » under Article 3 of the revised State Compensation Law of Taiwan. The author agrees with the conclusion of the revision, nonetheless, in the case of public entities for public utilities owned by public utility enterprises, the relevant provision of the State Property Law has not been taken into account during the process of revision, resulting in inconsistencies between the two. Plus, the author considers the existing Article 3 of the State Compensation Law, inherited from the Japanese law, be only the tip of the iceberg of state liabilities arising from public entities for public utilities. Particularly, the author suggests that a generalised clause on the right to claim compensation for damages be created from the disputed article in order to implement the state’s obligation to protect the fundamental rights without any omission.