分裂國家與分裂社會中的憲法法院──以韓國與臺灣憲法裁判中的「防衛性民主」為例

The Constitutional Court in a Divided Society within a Divided Nation: The Party Dissolution Case and Militant Democracy Theory from the Korean Constitutional Court, and Their Inspirations to Taiwan

在比較憲法上，臺灣與南韓的憲政發展有高度共通性：都是二戰後陷入共產革命而分裂的威權統治國家，又皆於上世紀八○年代進入民主轉型。分裂國家的格局不但有憲法明文確認而延續至今，也是二國均屬分裂社會的根源之一。二國憲法也都明文採取「防衛民主」為政黨運作劃下界線，且憲法法院都以基本權侵害切入，以比例原則嚴格審查為標準。本文將分析兩國相關的憲法法院裁判中對於防衛民主的理解，以及所衍生的、對分裂社會與分裂國家的意義與影響。

Taiwan and South Korea are significantly similar from comparative constitutional law’s perspective. After WWII, they both became divided nations that were under authoritarian ruling after communist revolutions, then democratization began in the 80s of the 20th Century. Both of their constitutions recognized the divided nation status, and the division is also the foundation for their divided society. Both Constitutions also clearly adopt militant democracy theory to set limits for political activities. The constitutional courts of both countries consider this issue as a civil right infringement and review relevant cases under strict scrutiny of the principle of proportionality. This article analyzes how Taiwanese and Korean constitutional courts perceive and utilize the militant democracy theory in concrete cases, and their further impacts and the meaning to the divided society and divided nation.