海外移民書寫中的外省認同：論蔣曉雲的《桃花井》

Mainlander Identity in Migrant Writing: On Chiang Hsiao-yun’s Peach Blossom Well

臺灣的第二代外省作家作品從1970年代後期崛起的眷村文學，到1980 年代以後的返鄉書寫，一直到2000年以後的家族史書寫，已經發展出一套 循著臺灣的歷史與文化脈絡上架構的外省認同論述。關照的主題多圍繞在 外省族群如何在臺灣這塊土地上逐漸落地生根，另一方面也強調外省族群 與中國漸行漸遠的文化與情感關係。2011年，旅美多年，自稱為「第二代 外省人」的作家蔣曉雲，發表了睽違三十年之後重返文壇的長篇小說《桃 花井》，故事主要描述國共內戰期間，移居臺灣的非軍職知識份子李謹洲 一家四代在解嚴後的返鄉行經驗，其敘述重點放在不同世代對中國不同的 評價與看法。本文以《桃花井》為文本，探討蔣曉雲自身的移民經驗如何 投射在小說對於外省認同的詮釋中，以及此小說與其他居住在臺灣的第二 代外省作家作品中的外省敘事有何不同之處。本文主張，蔣曉雲的外省認 同並非建立在臺灣的語境之中。雖然《桃花井》與其他臺灣的第二代外省 作家作品相似，表達出外省角色與中國之間的斷裂情感，但有別於在臺作 家的作品，蔣曉雲特意強調外省認同並不等同於臺灣認同：小說中的第一 代與第二代角色在臺受到不公平待遇因而產生強烈孤獨感，不認為臺灣是外省人認同的歸依之地。她更將第三代與第四代角色放在全球化與移民的 框架下，企圖為外省身份尋求更寬廣的詮釋空間。

 

From juancun literature that emerged in the late 1970s, to homecoming literature in the 1980s, and through to the family history writing in the 2000s, Taiwan based second-generation mainlander writers have constituted a discourse of mainlander identity in the historical and cultural context of Taiwan. The topics that they address are often about how the mainlander group takes root in the island and how it becomes emotionally distant from Mainland China. In 2011, Chiang Hsiao-yun, a U.S. based writer who proclaimed herself as a “second-generation mainlander”, published Peach Blossom Well. This is the first work she produced after she had stopped writing for around 30 years. This work tells the story of a mainlander family’s homecoming trip, with the firstgeneration character Li Jinzhou being a Chinese intellectual with a non-military background. The novel emphasizes the different generations’ different opinions on China. This essay examines how Chiang’s migration experience is projected onto this story in terms of its interpretation of mainlander identity, and the ways in which the mainlander identity in this novel is distinct from those of other works by mainlander writers in Taiwan. It argues that they similarly demonstrate the mainlander characters’ disconnection to their original homeland. However, Chiang emphasizes that mainlander identity is distinct from Taiwanese identity, as the first- and second-generation characters are narrated as feeling alienated in Taiwan as a result of discrimination. She further positions the third- and fourth-generation mainlander characters in the framework of global mobility, seeking a broader context for interpreting mainlander identity.