從忠義亭的興衰探究清朝六堆之組織內涵演變

Study on the Evolution of Liudui through the Vicissitudes of the Loyalty Pavilion in the Qing Dynasty

六堆是清朝臺灣社會發展史獨有的客庄義民組織，忠義亭是精神核心，這是集體記憶下的過去；然而，忠義亭並未隨著六堆茁壯更顯尊榮，反而不時興衰交替。文化性資產保存核心概念之一是歷史脈絡的影響，特別隨著文獻增加深入研究後六堆發展中逐漸出現許多需要再釐清之處，對於與六堆相關之眾多有、無形文化性資產的再定義乃為本文目的。研究後發現，「六堆」為一歷時性變化的集合指稱，成員歷經多族群義民、客庄民兵、到最後捍衛水權的組織變化；地理空間則因初期移墾者階層相異導致現今六區文化風貌各異，區位的形成依據原來六大水系角頭的勢力分布，爾後則因灌溉需求從而確立固定堆屬。權力空間最初由先天水利優勢的西勢庄取得主導成為忠義亭所在，隨後因水圳路運的發達及移民社會在地化，內埔庄取而代之，精神象徵也從單一客庄族群的皇權依附轉變到重視產業需求的多族群媽祖信仰，組織鏈結元素正式由生存與安全、產業與交通等外部需求轉移到地位提升的精神性需求，在同治年間正式以水利產業型態完成組織架構。因此忠義亭雖未具文資身分，但其空間區位的歷史意涵揭示了六堆發展上經歷了根本上的改變，這樣高度的歷史價值應可將「忠義亭」一詞的概念視為無形文化性資產。

 

Liudui is a unique Hakka volunteer organization in Taiwan’s social development in the Qing Dynasty, and the Loyalty Pavilion was the spiritual core, which are our collective memory. However, the vicissitude of the Loyalty Pavilion suggests a major qualitative changes in Liudui. As a result, to redefine the history of Liudui is necessary because to reveal the true meaning is the core of cultural heritage reservation. After research, it is found that "Liudui" is a collective diachronic designation. It includes multi-ethnic groups of volunteer, militia, and finally water resources organization. The geographical location is in accordance with the water system of the initial migrants, and due to their different classes, each region represents different cultural style. Xishi was the core of the power construction at that time because of the inherent advantages in water resource, therefore, and became the location of Loyalty Pavilion. Later, due to the development of water canal, land transportation, and the settled society, the spiritual symbol is transformed from the imperial dependence of a single Hakka ethnic group to Mazu belief of the multi-ethnic, that Neipuzhuang became the leader, while the organizational link elements were transferred from the external needs of survival and safety, industry and transportation to the higher level need of social status. The industry organizational structure of Liudui was formally constructed during the Tongzhi period. Because the historical meaning that the spatial location of Loyalty Pavilion reveals the fundamental change in Liudui, as a result, the concept of "loyalty Pavilion" should be viewed as an important intangible cultural heritage in Hakka history to reserve.