大陸地區大學諮商師涉及雙重關係倫理議題之本土化探討

An Indigenous Study of the Dual Relationship Ethical Issues Encountered by University Counselors in China

西方文化重視個人主義，而華人文化則建立在關係主義之上，因此，華人之人際關係相對較為緊密。現代心理諮商起自歐美，主要是西方社會的產物，其中蘊含著西方的文化因素，將之應用於東方社會，即涉及文化差異的議題。若以西方的諮商倫理標準而言，華人社會的心理諮商在諮商關係界線上所出現模糊不清或跨越界線之倫理情境，卻可能是華人社會所難以避免的實務狀態。亦即，以西方文化標準而言可能不合倫理的情境，就東方標準而言卻可能合乎人之常情，這使得心理諮商倫理的本土化成為一個值得關切的議題。由於倫理議題與文化因素息息相關，在華人社會深受關係主義所影響的脈絡下，涉及雙重關係倫理議題的實務情境屢見不鮮，其自與華人之人際交往模式和人情社會之文化背景有其關聯，因此，在諮商專業服務過程中如何考量文化因素以處理人情世故而又不傷害專業關係，成為諮商師在實務工作上的一大挑戰。在此等華人社會重視人情關係的氛圍中，大陸的諮商師在面對以西方文化為基礎所建立之倫理規範時，不免會在拿捏倫理尺度時感到困惑或不知所措。因此，將在地文化納入心理學與諮商專業的考量有其必要，也就是要納入華人文化以進行心理學與諮商專業的本土化。「本土化」是要將本源自於西方文化的現代心理學以及諮商理論與技術，與華人文化傳統的「本」和在地生活經驗的「土」相結合，也就是心理諮商要透過結合華人的文化傳統與在地生活經驗，使能更適用於華人身上，以達到中西合璧的本土化效果。依上述原則，透過對含攝西方文化與華人儒家文化專業倫理觀的整合，以進行中西合璧本土化的助人專業倫理雙元模型，而能以多元的文化視角來審視深具文化敏感度的倫理主題。在實務場中，雖然諮商師會參照倫理規範為依歸，但是對雙重關係界線的把握並非易事，誠如本土化的「人情與面子」理論模式指出，在華人文化脈絡的影響下諮商師難免會受和當事人關係之親疏遠近所牽絆，而影響了專業服務的策略與專業倫理的判斷。因此，本研究針對中國大陸大學諮商師在華人文化脈絡下，遭遇雙重關係之倫理困境進行本土化的探討。本研究採用紮根分析的質性研究方法。以立意取樣的方式邀請四位曾擔任大陸大學諮商師、經歷過雙重關係的經驗、對此等議題具有倫理敏感度的專業學者進行半結構式問卷訪談，所得資料以接近編輯式質性分析的方法對不同研究參與者進行跨個案分析與處理。結果發現：一、大陸地區諮商雙重關係之發展深受華人文化的影響，對雙重關係的倫理判斷宜在華人文化脈絡下加以考量；二、諮商師面對雙重關係倫理衝突時，諮商師會經歷非黑即白期、猶豫擺盪期與成熟考慮期等不同階段，隨著其專業成長、經驗累積及對華人文化脈絡的理解而愈能彈性加以因應；三、諮商師在面對雙重關係倫理困境時，會經歷情境衝突、判斷與影響階段之歷程，包括：（一）在衝突階段，諮商師會因外在評價和角色衝突的壓力與倫理標準的要求不符時產生衝突；（二）在判斷階段，諮商師是否涉入雙重關係主要是由社會文化、倫理價值觀、諮商理論取向、專業成長和個人特質等因素所決定，而進入雙重關係後則會透過明確角色期待與彈性處理界線加以因應；（三）在影響階段，諮商師歷經雙重關係所致利弊得失而影響其自我效能之經驗，進而不斷提升「自我修為」以達到「修己安人」；四、華人文化脈絡下的諮商師在專業成長與倫理學習中，需將外在客觀倫理規範與內在主觀自我修為之倫理思維進行整合，方能提供彈性成熟的倫理因應策略。最後，本研究依據研究結果以提出相應之建議。

Chinese culture is structured by relationism; thus, the importance of relationships between people in Chinese societies is relatively high. Modern counseling practices originated in Europe and the United States. As a product of Western cultures, these practices emphasize Western cultural factors such as individualism. Cultural differences must be addressed in order to apply these practices in Chinese societies. Western ethical standards for counseling may not apply because the boundaries of the counseling relationship may be ambiguous in China. In other words, situations that may be unethical in terms of Western cultural standards may be in line with human conditions in relation to Chinese cultural norms. Ethical issues are closely related to cultural factors. Thus, Chinese counselors may feel confused or at a loss when facing ethical norms based on Western cultural values. It is necessary to incorporate the local culture into the counseling profession. The indigenization of counseling ethics is a challenging practical topic that must be addressed in order to ensure effective counseling services. Indigenization entails combining the modern theories and techniques of psychology and counseling initially derived from Western cultures with the base (cultural traditions) and the earth (local life experience) of the local context. Western counseling ethics emphasize external, objective, and rational regulations, and the protection of five major types of client welfare (autonomy, beneficence, no maleficence, justice, and fidelity) as the starting point for counseling. Counselors must also fulfill three major duties (professional, ethical, and legal). Chinese counseling ethics emphasize inner subjective self-cultivation (doing oneself good) as the starting point for counseling. They require the counselor to be kind to the client (being good to others). In practice, it is not easy for Chinese counselors to grasp the boundaries of the two sets of requirements, which entail a dual relationship with the client. Counseling in the Chinese cultural context can thus result in estrangement in the relationship with the client, which affects the service strategy and professional ethical judgment. In this study, we examine the indigenization of counseling practices and ethical dilemmas related to the dual relationship encountered by Chinese college counselors in China. This study takes the qualitative research method of grounded analysis. The semi-structured questionnaire interviews were conducted with four professional scholars who had served as counselors of mainland universities, experience in dual relationship, and were ethically sensitive to these issues. The data obtained were analyzed and processed by cross-case analysis of different research participants using the method of close to editorial qualitative analysis. Our analysis indicated three main findings. First, the development of the dual counseling relationship in China is deeply influenced by Chinese culture, and ethical judgments regarding the dual relationship should be considered in the context of Chinese culture. Second, when counselors face ethical conflict in the relationship with a client, they go through different stages, such as the black-and-white period, the hesitation period, and the mature consideration period. With professional growth, experience, and an understanding of the Chinese cultural context, counselors can become more flexible in responding to conflict. Third, ethical dilemmas entail a process including: (1) a conflict stage in which the counselor experiences conflict when either the pressure of external evaluation or role conflict does not meet ethical standards; (2) a judgment stage, in which whether or not the counselor is able to enact a dual relationship is determined by factors such as culture, ethical values, counseling theory orientation, professional growth, and personal characteristics. Enacting the dual relationship occurs through clear role expectations with a flexible boundary; and (3) an influencing stage, in which the counselor goes through the pros and cons of the dual relationship that affect the personal experience of self-efficacy, and improves self-cultivation. In the course of professional growth and ethical learning, counselors learn to integrate external objective ethical norms with internal subjective ethical self-cultivation in order to provide flexible and mature ethical response strategies. Based on this analysis, we make suggestions emphasizing that the professional education of counselors should include ethics as well as a consideration of the Chinese cultural context.