清代晚期的滿文避諱制度及其演變

The Manchu Naming Taboo System and Its Evolution in the Late Qing Dynasty

避諱制度在古代中國，既有特殊的文化意義，亦包含強烈的政治意涵。與中原王朝不同，清朝不但施行漢文避諱，亦對皇帝的滿文名進行避諱。以往學界普遍關注清中前期的避諱制度，較為忽視清代晚期的滿文避諱現象。本文通過考察滿文檔案和文獻，系統梳理了清代晚期的滿文避諱制度。咸豐以後，隨著漢文避諱進入「二名不偏諱」時代，滿文避諱也進入新的階段。與清代中前期相比，清代晚期的滿文避諱呈現出重視避諱字形、避諱範圍較小、重視程度減弱等特點。這種演變，反映出清廷所維持的多元化統治受到威脅和挑戰。

The naming taboo (bihui避諱) system in ancient China carried not only special cultural significance but also strong political implications. Unlike the dynasties of the Central Plains, such as the Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, the Qing court enforced taboos not only on Chinese characters but also on the Manchu names of its emperors. Previous research on the naming taboo system focused mostly on the early and middle Qing Dynasty, paying comparatively little attention to Manchu naming taboos in the late Qing. Using Manchu archives and historical documents, this paper systematically discusses the Manchu naming taboo system in the late Qing Dynasty. After the Xianfeng咸豐reign, as the Chinese naming taboo system entered a stage where“After the Xianfeng咸豐reign, Chinese naming-taboo practices entered a phase characterized by“the avoidance of the second character”(erming bu pianhui二名不偏諱), and Manchu naming-taboo practices likewise entered a new stage.”Compared with the early and mid-Qing periods, the late Qing Manchu naming taboo exhibited greater attention to the graphic form of tabooed characters, a narrower scope of avoidance, and a weakened degree of importance attached to the practice. This evolution reflects the fact that the pluralistic rule maintained by the Qing court was facing threats and challenges.