《觀音玄義》之「佛不斷性惡」思想與智（538-597）之關係探究

A Study on the Relationship between the Doctrine of“the Ineradicable Presence of Evil within Buddha-nature”and Zhiyi (538-597)

天台宗的「佛不斷性惡」思想源自《觀音玄義》，認為佛與眾生同樣具有善惡之性。性惡的存在對佛救度眾生具有特定的重要性和意義。然而，「佛不斷性惡」思想與佛教立場不同。儘管如此，天台宗提出此一獨特觀點成為其特色思想之一。
本文探討的主要議題是這一思想是否與智顗（538-597）有關。本文將從幾個概念重新探討這一議題，並深入探討智顗的佛性概念，檢視是否存在佛之性惡思想或類似觀點。這些概念包括，智顗（甚至包含灌頂［561-632］）對「惡」的定義、「惡」在性德概念中的涵義，以及探究「性德」、「如是性」、「德」等概念是否含有「惡」。從以上這些概念來探究與「惡」之間是否有關係，可以作為判斷「佛不斷性惡」是否符合智顗原來思想的依據之一。
此外，筆者也發現《觀音玄義》的內容之中有幾處觀點自相矛盾。筆者進而得出結論──天台三大部及灌頂的佛性思想並未包含性惡的觀點。換言之，本文認為，《觀音玄義》的「佛不斷性惡」思想與智顗和灌頂的佛性思想在立場和觀點上有所不同。因此，筆者認為，「佛不斷性惡」思想並非源自智顗，也與智顗的佛性思想不相符。

The Tiantai doctrine of“the Ineradicable Presence of Evil within Buddha-nature”(fo buduan xing’e) originates from the Guanyin Xuanyi, which posits that both Buddhas and sentient beings inherently possess both good and evil natures. The existence of this inherent evil holds particular significance for the Buddha’s salvation of sentient beings. While this doctrine diverges from conventional Buddhist positions, the Tiantai school advances it as one of its characteristic teachings.
This paper’s primary focus is to explore whether this doctrine can be authentically attributed to Zhiyi (538-597). To that end, the paper examines several key concepts, including Zhiyi and Guanding’s (561-632) definition of“evil,”the meaning of“evil”within the framework of inherent virtue (xingde), and whether related notions—including suchness nature (rushixing) and the concept of“virtue”(de)—contain or imply the presence of evil. By analyzing the relationships between these concepts and evil, this study establishes criteria for assessing whether the doctrine of“the ineradicable presence of evil within Buddha-nature”is consistent with Zhiyi’s original thought.
Additionally, the paper identifies several contradictory viewpoints within the Guanyin Xuanyi itself. Based on these analyses, it concludes that neither the three major Tiantai treatises nor Guanding’s interpretations of Buddha-nature incorporate the notion of inherent evil. In other words, the doctrine of“the ineradicable presence of evil within Buddha-nature”as presented in the Guanyin Xuanyi differs in both stance and perspective from the Buddha-nature theories of Zhiyi and Guanding. The paper concludes that this doctrine does not originate from Zhiyi.