清華簡《參不韋》首章文字考釋兼論洪水敘事轉入秩序重建之分析

Textual Analysis of the First Chapter of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips San Buwei, with a Discussion on the Transition from Flood Narrative to the Reconstruction of Order

清華簡《參不韋》是一部內容完整的先秦佚書，其首章以參不韋向夏啟講述洪水舊事為開端，揭示洪水災害所造成的社會失序，並由此提出以「五刑則」為核心的治理理念。然而，首章文字的釋讀至今仍存分歧，例如「唯昔方有洪」一句中「方」字構形與文意理解，本文認為「方」字帶有美術化之運筆，與「堯」同形，是作為標示事件起點的時間副詞；簡文「泆戲自滿自亂」意謂「放蕩無序、驕傲自滿、橫暴無道」；簡文「辨簡百期」意指辨別檢閱多樣事物之限度；「斟酌陰陽」則表示反覆思考世間事物的正反對立面，最後擇善而定，而「顯五色唯文」意謂彰顯五色色彩交錯的模樣。本文於方法上另提出「指標失衡／指標回復」的分析框架以重讀首章，並以歷史、文化與敘事三層面剖析簡文內容，簡文前段否定列舉「不用五則、不行五行、不聽五音、不章五色、不食五味」界定問題，將法度、行事、聲度、色度、味度等失衡具體化，後段以肯定列舉「用五則、行五行、聽五音、顯五色、食五味」提出措施，並藉條目對應作為檢核成效的內在基準。由此，「五則／五行／五音／五色／五味」可視為跨域秩序指標，使首章由洪水敘事轉入具檢核性的「失序—復序」機制，並在首章末尾自然收束，展現嚴謹的敘事結構。

This article examines the opening chapter of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips text San Buwei (《參不韋》), one of the most substantially preserved lost texts dating to the Warring States period. The chapter begins with San Buwei’s account to Xia Qi of the Great Flood, laying bare the social disorder wrought by the disaster and advancing a governance program centered on the“Five Penal Norms”(wuxing ze五刑則). On textual interpretation, I argue that in the clause wei xi fang you hong (唯昔方有洪), the graph fang (方), whose brushwork is aesthetically stylized so that it coincides in form with Yao (堯), functions as a temporal adverb marking the starting point of the event. The phrase yi xi zi man zi luan (泆戲自滿自亂) portrays the he flood, through personification as licentious and disorderly, arrogant and self-satisfied, and violent and lawless. The binome bian jian bai qi (辨簡百期) is read as“distinguishing and reviewing the limits across a wide range of matters,”while zhen zhuo yin yang (斟酌陰陽) denotes repeatedly weighing opposed aspects of the world before choosing the good. Finally, xian wu se wei wen (顯五色唯文) is interpreted as“manifesting the variegated patterning produced by the interweaving of the five colors.”Methodologically, this study proposes an analytical framework based on the concepts of“indicator imbalance / indicator restoration”to reinterpret the chapter from historical, cultural, and narratological perspectives. The first half of the chapter employs a series of negative enumeration—“not employing the Five Norms”,“not practicing the Five Phases”,“not heeding the Five Tones”,“not displaying the Five Colors”, and“not partaking of the Five Flavors”—to concretize imbalances in juridical norms, conduct, pitch/sonority, chroma, and gustation. The second half reverses these as positive measures (“employ…/practice…/ heed…/ manifest…/ partake…”), with item-by-item correspondences serving as internal benchmarks for assessing efficacy. Thus, the set“Five Norms / Five Phases / Five Tones / Five Colors / Five Flavors”functions as a cross-domain index of order, effecting a transition from Flood narrative to a checkable“disorder→restoration”mechanism and yielding a tightly structured closure.