無罪推定原則的實質內涵及其合憲性調控

無罪推定原則的形式內涵主要關注證明機制，體現了形式法治和民主人權的基本特徵。然而，形式內涵無法跟進程序法理論和制度的發展趨勢，在實體法領域放棄了對立法權的間接調控，更無法因應以安全和預防為導向的刑事立法和政策對該原則的衝擊和侵蝕。無罪推定原則實質內涵之提出凸顯了該原則的憲法位階和基本權屬性，符合實質法治和刑事一體化要求。實質內涵填補了形式內涵的盲區，將無罪推定的規範效力延伸至量刑、涉案財物處置等領域，協助罪刑法定原則在劃定犯罪圈、分配證明責任、設置推定和抗辯、界定主觀要素等方面落實內容適正和實質正義的雙重要求。無罪推定原則之限制應通過比例原則及其教義體系的合憲性審查，尤其是在狹義比例原則的判斷層面維系爭點重要性和被告人防禦權之間的損益均衡，判斷和論證系爭條款是否構成對無罪推定的合理限制。

The formal connotation of the presumption of innocence primarily focuses on the mechanism of proof, embodying the fundamental characteristics of formal rule of law and democratic human rights. However, this formal dimension fails to keep pace with developments in procedural law theory and institutional frameworks; it abandons indirect control over legislative power in the realm of substantive law and is incapable of responding to the challenges and erosion posed by security-oriented and preventive criminal legislation and policies. The introduction of the substantive connotation of the presumption of innocence highlights the principle's constitutional status and its nature as a fundamental right, aligning with the requirements of substantive rule of law and the integration of criminal justice. The substantive connotation addresses the blind spots of the formal connotation by extending the normative force of the presumption of innocence to areas such as sentencing and the disposal of property involved in cases. It assists the principle of legality (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege) in fulfilling the dual requirements of substantive appropriateness and justice in defining the scope of crimes, allocating the burden of proof, establishing presumptions and defenses, and defining subjective elements. Restrictions on the presumption of innocence should be subject to constitutional review through the principle of proportionality and its doctrinal system, particularly by maintaining a balance between the importance of the disputed issues and the defendant's right to defense at the level of the narrow proportionality test, so as to evaluate and justify whether contested provisions constitute reasonable limitations on the presumption of innocence.