環境污染的法則適用──以跨國食品安全與國際私法為研究核心

Applicable Law in Environmental Pollution: Focusing on Transnational Food Safety and Private International Law

環境污染導致跨國食品安全事件所引發之損害，不僅涉及公共衛生風險，更關乎法律上責任歸屬與受害者之權利救濟，尤其在食品供應鏈高度跨境化與風險來源複雜化之背景下，食品安全損害已呈現出跨國、間接且多重因果關係交織之特徵。本文首先回顧食品安全受環境污染影響之歷史脈絡與相關政策演進，說明食品安全法制逐步由事後管制轉向事前預防與責任法制強化之發展趨勢。其次，本文以歐盟食品安全法制為核心，分析其以預防原則為基礎之監管體系，並進一步探討於食品安全事件發生後，歐盟如何透過產品責任制度、侵權責任規範及涉外準據法安排，形塑民事責任之配置與求償制度之運作模式。相關分析除涵蓋實體法層面之責任成立要件外，亦涉及準據法選擇與程序保障等議題，藉以呈現歐盟食品安全求償制度之制度結構與運作邏輯。再者，本文檢視聯合國及相關國際組織所建立之食品安全規範與指導原則，說明其對各國食品安全立法之規範性影響，並對我國現行食品安全相關法規與求償機制加以整理與評析。透過比較我國與歐盟在食品安全責任成立要件、舉證責任分配及消費者求償途徑之制度設計，本文整理並呈現各國食品安全求償法制之主要特徵與差異，藉以勾勒不同法制模式下食品安全責任與救濟機制之運作樣貌。

Environmental pollution-induced transnational food safety incidents generate damages that extend beyond immediate public health risks, directly implicating legal liability attribution and victim redress. Amidst the profound globalization of food supply chains and the growing complexity of risk origins, such food safety harms are increasingly characterized by their transnational, indirect, and multi-causal nature. This article first reviews the historical context and policy evolution of the impact of environmental pollution on food safety, illustrating the trend of food safety legislation gradually shifting from post-event control to pre-event prevention and strengthened liability legislation. Secondly, this article focuses on the EU’s food safety legal system, analyzing its preventative-principle-based regulatory framework. It further explores how the EU shapes the allocation of civil liability and the operational model of the compensation system after a food safety incident through product liability regimes, tort law regulations, and international applicable law arrangements. The analysis covers not only the substantive legal requirements for establishing liability but also issues such as the choice of applicable law and procedural safeguards, thereby presenting the institutional structure and operational logic of the EU's food safety compensation system. Furthermore, this article examines the food safety standards and guidelines established by the United Nations and related international organizations, explaining their normative impact on food safety legislation in various countries. It also organizes and analyzes Taiwan’s current food safety-related laws and compensation mechanisms. By comparing Taiwan’s and the European Union's institutional designs regarding the elements for establishing food safety liability, the allocation of the burden of proof, and consumer compensation channels, this article summarizes and presents the main characteristics and differences of food safety compensation laws in various countries, thereby outlining the operational patterns of food safety liability and remedies under different legal models.