從基本權總論出發的審查模式――基本權利案例解析方法

Case Analysis Method for Fundamental Rights–A Review Model Based on General Principles of Fundamental Rights

相較於民、刑法與行政法的審查步驟已堪稱粲然大備，在憲法領域卻多少顯得混亂而難有共識。如何建構一套合於憲法釋義學，完整全面涵蓋所有問題點，且各別階層清晰分明避免討論焦點渙散，提供思考分析的方向與思維路徑的基本權審查體系，或許應該是當前憲法學發展的重點之一。本文擬參酌德國憲法學理的開展，特別是著眼於從基本權總論開展的基本權利審查體系，首先就保護領域部分結合基本權利各論的界定；其次，則指出不同的基本權功能面向作為歸責問題，其中尤為關鍵者乃保護義務的審查。最後合憲性審查中，形式合憲性與實質合憲性之區分與各別審查重點，以及審查密度的問題，亦有所處理。

The judicial review process of civil law, criminal law and administrative law may have already been well-defined. Comparing to that, the process of the constitutional law appears to be chaotic and it has been difficult to arrive to a consensus. One of the key issues of contemporary constitutional law may be how to construe a judicial review system that is compliant with the doctrine of constitutional law, completely covering all issues, clear at each level which can avoid any defocus, and providing ways to analyze and process the issue. This article refers to the development of German constitutional law theories, and especially focuses on judicial review system of fundamental rights which is developed from general theory of fundamental rights. This article first combines with the specific fundamental rights theories to define the scope of protection. The article then points out different functions of the fundamental rights as a method to decide whether the state is liable. The key issue is the review of protective obligation. The article also deals with the distinction of formal constitutional review and substantive constitutional review, the important issues of the respective judicial review and, the level of judicial review.