日本的健全主義（Ableism）：優生保護法與相模原殺傷事件的遺緒

Ableism in Japan: Legacies of the Eugenic Protection Law and the Sagamihara Stabbings

本文透過兩個歷史性案例――《優生保護法》（1948–1996）以及2016年7月26日發生的相模原殺傷事件――探討健全主義（ableism）作為日本現代社會的一種結構性條件。本文援引《身心障礙者權利公約》（CRPD）第3條第(d)款，其確認尊重差異並接受身心障礙者為人類多樣性的一部分；以及第8條，其要求締約國提升社會意識，並消除刻板印象、偏見與有害做法。本文主張，日本的健全主義並非僅是過去優生思想殘餘的歷史遺產，而是一種持續存在的結構，至今仍深刻影響著法律制度、醫療體系以及社會大眾對身心障礙的回應方式。2024年7月3日，日本最高法院裁定《優生保護法》中有關優生措施的規定違憲；同時，時任首相岸田文雄發表正式道歉聲明，日本政府於2024年12月通過反健全主義行動計畫，以及自2025年1月起正式施行《補償法》，這些作為共同標誌顯著的歷史進展。然而，相模原事件十九名罹難者的身分至今大多仍被匿名處理，而倖存者的聲音也只是緩慢地開始進入公共視野，這提醒我們，對抗健全主義的工作仍遠未完成。本文並將上述分析連結至日本身心障礙者自我倡議（self-advocacy）運動的歷史脈絡，從1970年代的青芝會，到相模原事件後成立的Niji iro de go（にじいろでGO），展現身心障礙者持續爭取發聲權與社會認可的努力，本文並將日本的經驗作為一項可供台灣及其他地區讀者參考與借鏡的資源。

This article examines ableism as a structural condition of modern Japanese society through two historical manifestations: the former Eugenic Protection Law (1948–1996) and the Sagamihara stabbings of 26 July 2016. Drawing on Article 3(d) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which affirms respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity, and Article 8, which obliges States Parties to raise awareness and combat stereotypes, prejudices, and harmful practices, the article argues that ableism in Japan is not merely a residue of past eugenics but an ongoing structure that continues to shape law, medicine, and public response to disability. The 3 July 2024 Supreme Court ruling declaring the eugenic provisions of the Eugenic Protection Law unconstitutional, the official apology by Prime Minister Kishida, the action plan against ableism adopted in December 2024, and the Compensation Act (in force from January 2025) together mark historic progress. Yet the continuing anonymization of the Sagamihara nineteen, and the slow emergence of survivors’voices, remind us that the work of combating ableism is unfinished. The article connects this analysis to Japan’s disability self-advocacy, from Aoi Shiba no Kai in the 1970s to Niji iro de go after Sagamihara, and offers Japan’s experience as a shared resource for readers in Taiwan and beyond.