誰願意留鄉？從地位同質性與社會互動看不同地位者的地方連結與留居意願

Staying in the Countryside? How Social Status, Status Homogeneity and Local Social Ties Shape Rural Stay Aspirations

鄉村人口減少所引發的社會、經濟與政治危機，已成為國內外關注的焦點。理解誰願意留在鄉村生活，有助於藉由政策減緩社會遷出。本研究從兩個面向切入：其一，聚焦社會地位與地位同質性，探討社會流動的端點；其二，關注鄰里網絡與社區參與，建構不同社會地位者的地方連結路徑。本文使用《臺灣農村社會文化調查計畫》第一期第一次資料，針對25歲以上樣本進行線性迴歸與交互作用分析，並以教育程度在同區域、同世代中的相對位置建構四組社會地位。結果顯示，社會地位越高，留居意願越低；地位同質性不具直接影響，而社區參與及鄰里網絡皆和留居意願呈正相關。進一步分析指出，同質性區域與鄰里網絡都能提升地位最低者的留居意願，支持出於「依賴」與安全感而留下的解釋。雖然社區參與對最低地位者效果有限，但能提升其他群體的留居意願，顯示其作用並非如選擇性歸屬感所假設般，僅局限於高地位者。另一方面，高地位者的留居意願亦會隨鄰里連結的增強而提升，顯示其與居民的關係並不僅止於表面。總結而言，遷移與否不僅是應對不平等與追求社會流動的選擇，更牽涉個人與地方之間的社會―情感連結。促進跨地位群體之間的日常互動與集體參與，應是「地方創生」政策可欲的治理方向。

Rural population decline involves both economic forces and social dynamics rooted in local attachment. This study uses information on social status, status homogeneity, neighborhood networks, and community participation to examine what kinds of individuals are more willing to stay in rural Taiwanese communities. Data from the 2019 Taiwan Rural Social and Cultural Survey and a sample of adults aged 25 and above show that individuals with higher social status are less willing to stay, and that neighborhood ties and community participation are positively associated with stay aspiration. Especially among those with the lowest statuses, strong neighborhood networks and high levels of status homogeneity significantly enhance willingness to stay, reflecting a dual sense of reliance and security. Although community participation exerts limited effect on individuals in the lowest-status group, in other groups it supports decisions to remain in a rural area. Higher-status residents' stay aspiration, in turn, strengthen with stronger neighborhood ties. The findings clearly suggest that decisions to stay are shaped by a mix of structural conditions and social bonds, thus offering insights for place-based rural revitalization policy development.