論公訴權的司法屬性

司法權的本質特徵集中體現于獨立性、中立性與終局性三大核心要素。在當代司法語境下，關於公訴權性質的傳統學說正面臨解釋困境。基於“公訴階段論”的理論框架，公訴權的運行機制可系統解構為案件審查、起訴裁量與犯罪指控三個遞進階段。其中，案件審查與起訴裁量階段的公訴權能呈現以司法審查為核心的“強司法性”特徵，犯罪指控階段則強調檢察官作為“理性控方”的角色定位，該階段公訴權呈現“弱司法性”特質。在我國司法改革進程中，應將保障公訴權行使的獨立性作為制度設計的根本出發點，在公訴權運行全過程中貫徹中立性這一基本行為準則，通過強化審查起訴程序的參與性與公開性，構建完善的程序保障機制，實現公訴權終局性的價值目標。

The essential characteristics of judicial power are concentrated in three core elements: independence, neutrality, and finality. In the contemporary judicial context, traditional theories concerning the nature of the power of public prosecution are encountering interpretive difficulties. Based on the theoretical framework of the“stage theory of public prosecution,”the operational mechanism of prosecutorial power can be systematically deconstructed into three progressive stages: case review, prosecutorial discretion in initiating charges, and criminal accusation. In the stages of case review and prosecutorial discretion, the exercise of prosecutorial power exhibits a“strong judicial character,”centered on judicial review. By contrast, at the stage of criminal accusation, emphasis is placed on the prosecutor’s role as a“rational accuser,”and the prosecutorial power at this stage manifests a“weak judicial character.”In the course of China’s judicial reform, safeguarding the independence of prosecutorial power should serve as the fundamental starting point of institutional design. The principle of neutrality should be implemented as a basic norm of conduct throughout the entire process of prosecutorial operation. By enhancing participation and transparency in the review and prosecution procedures, and by constructing a sound system of procedural safeguards, the value objective of the finality of prosecutorial power can ultimately be realized.